{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,18]],"date-time":"2026-09-18T08:08:46Z","timestamp":1789718926374,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":118,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,11]],"date-time":"2022-01-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1641859200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001807","name":"S\u00e3o Paulo Research Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["#2012\/05178-0"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#2012\/05178-0"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001807","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001807","name":"S\u00e3o Paulo Research Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["#2013\/11167-3"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#2013\/11167-3"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001807","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003593","name":"National Council for Scientific and Technological Development","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["#NA"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#NA"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003593","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Universidade Federal do ABC","award":["#NA"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#NA"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Brain Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Altered sensorimotor gating has been demonstrated by Prepulse Inhibition (PPI) tests in patients with psychosis. Recent advances in signal processing methods allow assessment of neural PPI through electroencephalogram (EEG) recording during acoustic startle response measures (classic muscular PPI). Simultaneous measurements of muscular (eye-blink) and neural gating phenomena during PPI test may help to better understand sensorial processing dysfunctions in psychosis. In this study, we aimed to assess simultaneously muscular and neural PPI in early bipolar disorder and schizophrenia patients. Method: Participants were recruited from a population-based case-control study of first episode psychosis. PPI was measured using electromyography (EMG) and EEG in pulse alone and prepulse + pulse with intervals of 30, 60, and 120 ms in early bipolar disorder (n = 18) and schizophrenia (n = 11) patients. As control group, 15 socio-economically matched healthy subjects were recruited. All subjects were evaluated with Rating Scale, Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression, and Young Mania Rating Scale questionnaires at recruitment and just before PPI test. Wilcoxon ranked sum tests were used to compare PPI test results between groups. Results: In comparison to healthy participants, neural PPI was significantly reduced in PPI 30 and PPI60 among bipolar and schizophrenia patients, while muscular PPI was reduced in PPI60 and PPI120 intervals only among patients with schizophrenia. Conclusion: The combination of muscular and neural PPI evaluations suggested distinct impairment patterns among schizophrenia and bipolar disorder patients. Simultaneous recording may contribute with novel information in sensory gating investigations.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci12010093","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,11]],"date-time":"2022-01-11T14:05:07Z","timestamp":1641909907000},"page":"93","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Early Schizophrenia and Bipolar Disorder Patients Display Reduced Neural Prepulse Inhibition"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4052-8024","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rodrigo","family":"San-Martin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Matem\u00e1tica, Computa\u00e7\u00e3o e Cogni\u00e7\u00e3o, Universidade Federal do ABC, S\u00e3o Bernardo do Campo 09606-045, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria","family":"Zimiani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Matem\u00e1tica, Computa\u00e7\u00e3o e Cogni\u00e7\u00e3o, Universidade Federal do ABC, S\u00e3o Bernardo do Campo 09606-045, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Milton","family":"de \u00c1vila","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ribeir\u00e3o Preto Medical School, Universidade de S\u00e3o Paulo, Ribeir\u00e3o Preto 14040-900, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rosana","family":"Shuhama","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ribeir\u00e3o Preto Medical School, Universidade de S\u00e3o Paulo, Ribeir\u00e3o Preto 14040-900, Brazil"},{"name":"Population Mental Health Research Center, Universidade de S\u00e3o Paulo, S\u00e3o Paulo 01246-903, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cristina","family":"Del-Ben","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ribeir\u00e3o Preto Medical School, Universidade de S\u00e3o Paulo, Ribeir\u00e3o Preto 14040-900, Brazil"},{"name":"Population Mental Health Research Center, Universidade de S\u00e3o Paulo, S\u00e3o Paulo 01246-903, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6330-3314","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paulo","family":"Menezes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Population Mental Health Research Center, Universidade de S\u00e3o Paulo, S\u00e3o Paulo 01246-903, Brazil"},{"name":"Department of Preventive Medicine, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de S\u00e3o Paulo,  S\u00e3o Paulo 01246-903, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4895-807X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francisco","family":"Fraga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Engenharia, Modelagem e Ci\u00eancias Sociais Aplicadas, Universidade Federal do ABC, Santo Andr\u00e9 09210-580, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0191-371X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cristiane","family":"Salum","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Matem\u00e1tica, Computa\u00e7\u00e3o e Cogni\u00e7\u00e3o, Universidade Federal do ABC, S\u00e3o Bernardo do Campo 09606-045, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"635","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(09)60995-8","article-title":"Schizophrenia","volume":"374","author":"Kapur","year":"2009","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2016.12.015","article-title":"Formal thought disorder in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"185","author":"Yalincetin","year":"2017","journal-title":"Schizophr. 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