{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,29]],"date-time":"2026-08-29T02:48:32Z","timestamp":1787971712394,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":187,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,18]],"date-time":"2022-01-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1642464000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Brain Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Research has shown that dyslexia and attention deficit (hyperactivity) disorder (AD(H)D) are characterized by specific neuroanatomical and neurofunctional differences in the auditory cortex. These neurofunctional characteristics in children with ADHD, ADD and dyslexia are linked to distinct differences in music perception. Group-specific differences in the musical performance of patients with ADHD, ADD and dyslexia have not been investigated in detail so far. We investigated the musical performance and neurophysiological correlates of 21 adolescents with dyslexia, 19 with ADHD, 28 with ADD and 28 age-matched, unaffected controls using a music performance assessment scale and magnetoencephalography (MEG). Musical experts independently assessed pitch and rhythmic accuracy, intonation, improvisation skills and musical expression. Compared to dyslexic adolescents, controls as well as adolescents with ADHD and ADD performed better in rhythmic reproduction, rhythmic improvisation and musical expression. Controls were significantly better in rhythmic reproduction than adolescents with ADD and scored higher in rhythmic and pitch improvisation than adolescents with ADHD. Adolescents with ADD and controls scored better in pitch reproduction than dyslexic adolescents. In pitch improvisation, the ADD group performed better than the ADHD group, and controls scored better than dyslexic adolescents. Discriminant analysis revealed that rhythmic improvisation and musical expression discriminate the dyslexic group from controls and adolescents with ADHD and ADD. A second discriminant analysis based on MEG variables showed that absolute P1 latency asynchrony |R-L| distinguishes the control group from the disorder groups best, while P1 and N1 latencies averaged across hemispheres separate the control, ADD and ADHD groups from the dyslexic group. Furthermore, rhythmic improvisation was negatively correlated with auditory-evoked P1 and N1 latencies, pointing in the following direction: the earlier the P1 and N1 latencies (mean), the better the rhythmic improvisation. These findings provide novel insight into the differences between music processing and performance in adolescents with and without neurodevelopmental disorders. A better understanding of these differences may help to develop tailored preventions or therapeutic interventions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci12020127","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,18]],"date-time":"2022-01-18T22:46:32Z","timestamp":1642545992000},"page":"127","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Musical Performance in Adolescents with ADHD, ADD and Dyslexia\u2014Behavioral and Neurophysiological Aspects"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0506-7963","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christine","family":"Gro\u00df","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Jazeps Vitols Latvian Academy of Music, K. Barona Street 1, LV-1050 Riga, Latvia"},{"name":"Department of Neuroradiology and Section of Biomagnetism, University of Heidelberg Medical School, University of Heidelberg, INF 400, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bettina L.","family":"Serrallach","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neuroradiology and Section of Biomagnetism, University of Heidelberg Medical School, University of Heidelberg, INF 400, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0407-458X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eva","family":"M\u00f6hler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Saarland University Hospital, G-66421 Homburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6215-1099","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jachin E.","family":"Pousson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jazeps Vitols Latvian Academy of Music, K. Barona Street 1, LV-1050 Riga, Latvia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1920-0438","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Peter","family":"Schneider","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jazeps Vitols Latvian Academy of Music, K. Barona Street 1, LV-1050 Riga, Latvia"},{"name":"Department of Neuroradiology and Section of Biomagnetism, University of Heidelberg Medical School, University of Heidelberg, INF 400, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany"},{"name":"Centre for Systematic Musicology, Faculty of Arts and Humanities, University of Graz, Glacisstra\u00dfe 27, A-8010 Graz, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3875-7191","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Markus","family":"Christiner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jazeps Vitols Latvian Academy of Music, K. Barona Street 1, LV-1050 Riga, Latvia"},{"name":"Centre for Systematic Musicology, Faculty of Arts and Humanities, University of Graz, Glacisstra\u00dfe 27, A-8010 Graz, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6845-2773","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Valdis","family":"Bernhofs","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jazeps Vitols Latvian Academy of Music, K. Barona Street 1, LV-1050 Riga, Latvia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1080\/0305569910170206","article-title":"Assessing musical performance musically","volume":"17","author":"Mills","year":"1991","journal-title":"Educ. Stud."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Seashore, C.E. (1919). 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