{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,5]],"date-time":"2026-11-05T15:08:15Z","timestamp":1793891295776,"version":"4.8.0"},"reference-count":74,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,10]],"date-time":"2022-02-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1644451200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["20 & ZD296"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20 & ZD296"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Key-Area Research and Development Program of Guangdong Province","award":["2019B030335001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019B030335001"]}]},{"name":"Key Project of Science and Technology Program of Guangzhou","award":["201804020085"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["201804020085"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100019330","name":"Shanghai Clinical Research Center for Mental Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["19MC1911100"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["19MC1911100"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100019330","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Brain Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Developmental dyslexia (DD) is a specific learning disorder concerning reading acquisition that may has a lifelong negative impact on individuals. A reliable estimate of the prevalence of DD serves as the basis for diagnosis, intervention, and evidence-based health resource allocation and policy-making. Hence, the present meta-analysis aims to generate a reliable prevalence estimate of DD worldwide in primary school children and explore the potential variables related to that prevalence. Methods: Studies from the 1950s to June 2021 were collated using a combination of search terms related to DD and prevalence. Study quality was assessed using the STROBE guidelines according to the study design, with study heterogeneity assessed using the I2 statistic, and random-effects meta-analyses were conducted. Variations in the prevalence of DD in different subgroups were assessed via subgroup meta-analysis and meta-regression. Results: The pooled prevalence of DD was 7.10% (95% CI: 6.27\u20137.97%). The prevalence in boys was significantly higher than that in girls (boys: 9.22%, 95%CI, 8.07\u201310.44%; girls: 4.66%, 95% CI, 3.84\u20135.54%; p &lt; 0.001), but no significant difference was found in the prevalence across different writing systems (alphabetic scripts: 7.26%, 95%CI, 5.94\u20138.71%; logographic scripts: 6.97%, 95%CI, 5.86\u20138.16%; p &gt; 0.05) or across different orthographic depths (shallow: 7.13%, 95% CI, 5.23\u20139.30%; deep: 7.55%, 95% CI, 4.66\u201311.04%; p &gt; 0.05). It is worth noting that most articles had small sample sizes with diverse operational definitions, making comparisons challenging. Conclusions: This study provides an estimation of worldwide DD prevalence in primary school children. The prevalence was higher in boys than in girls but was not significantly different across different writing systems.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci12020240","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,11]],"date-time":"2022-02-11T02:37:46Z","timestamp":1644547066000},"page":"240","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":206,"title":["Prevalence of Developmental Dyslexia in Primary School Children: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Liping","family":"Yang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Brain, Cognition and Education Sciences, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou 510631, China"},{"name":"School of Psychology, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chunbo","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shanghai Key Laboratory of Psychotic Disorders, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200030, China"},{"name":"CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology (CEBSIT), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China"},{"name":"Institute of Psychology and Behavioral Science, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200030, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiumei","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Brain, Cognition and Education Sciences, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou 510631, China"},{"name":"School of Psychology, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Manman","family":"Zhai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Brain, Cognition and Education Sciences, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou 510631, China"},{"name":"School of Psychology, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qingqing","family":"An","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Brain, Cognition and Education Sciences, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou 510631, China"},{"name":"Institute for Brain Research and Rehabilitation, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"You","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Brain, Cognition and Education Sciences, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou 510631, China"},{"name":"Institute for Brain Research and Rehabilitation, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jing","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institutes of Psychological Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China"},{"name":"Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Research in Assessment of Cognitive Impairments, Hangzhou 311121, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xuchu","family":"Weng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Brain, Cognition and Education Sciences, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou 510631, China"},{"name":"Institute for Brain Research and Rehabilitation, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"American Psychiatric Association (2013). 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