{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,18]],"date-time":"2026-06-18T23:18:46Z","timestamp":1781824726097,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,12]],"date-time":"2022-02-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1644624000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Brain Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Metabolic syndrome (MetS) or otherwise insulin resistance (IR) is described as a cluster of several commonly occurring disorders, including abdominal obesity; lipids disorders, such as hypertriglyceridemia; and low levels of high-density-lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), hypertension (\u2265130\/85 mmHg), and carbohydrates disorders, such as impaired fasting glucose or diabetes mellitus type 2. Type 2 diabetes (T2DM) constitutes insulin resistance, which is a strong risk factor for strokes. Patients with MetS are often prone to cognitive decline. Metabolic risk factors, hypertension, and diabetes, amongst them, have been hypothesized to play a great role in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer\u2019s disease (AD) and the development of vascular dementia. For neuropsychological diagnostic and theoretical purposes verbal fluency is defined as a cognitive function that facilitates information retrieval from memory. It engages executive control and other cognitive processes, such as selective attention, selective inhibition, mental set shifting, internal response generation, and self-monitoring, as well as imagination and psychomotor skills. A total of 90 subjects, divided into 2 groups, patients with MetS (45) and healthy controls (45), were assessed. A significant difference in performance was found between the patients and controls, both in the phonetic (p &lt; 0.01) and semantic fluency trials (p &lt; 0.001). The MetS patients produced less words in the letter K and animal categories. The analysis of descriptive statistics shows that the group of patients with metabolic syndrome generated fewer words in both the phonetic and semantic categories. Our study shows that there is an association between metabolic factors and the verbal fluency performance of MetS patients. This is true, especially for phonetic verbal fluency, which is traditionally connected with the frontal cortex. Lower switching signifies possible executive dysfunctions amongst people with MetS. Subjects with this condition generated more diverse words and created less standard associations. This further implies the existence of dysexecutive syndrome and the need for diagnosing patients in this direction and involving this group of people in therapy. The proper correction of MetS components may improve cognitive function.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci12020255","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,13]],"date-time":"2022-02-13T20:32:30Z","timestamp":1644784350000},"page":"255","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Verbal Fluency in Metabolic Syndrome"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9925-1157","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marcin","family":"Gierach","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Endocrinology and Diabetology Collegium Medicum, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Sk\u0142odowskiej-Curie 9, 85-094 Bydgoszcz, Poland"},{"name":"Cardiometabolic Center Gierach-Med, 85-796 Bydgoszcz, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5125-3081","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anna","family":"Rasmus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Psychology, Kazimierz Wielki University, 85-094 Bydgoszcz, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Edyta","family":"Or\u0142owska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Psychology, University of Gda\u0144sk, 80-952 Gda\u0144sk, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2237","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.292.18.2237","article-title":"The Metabolic syndrome, inflammation, and risk of cognitive decline","volume":"292","author":"Yaffe","year":"2004","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"809","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.59.6.809","article-title":"Insulin resistance and risk for stroke","volume":"59","author":"Kernan","year":"2002","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30367-6","article-title":"Dementia prevention, intervention, and care: 2020 Report of the Lancet Commission","volume":"396","author":"Livingston","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"232","DOI":"10.2337\/dc18-1428","article-title":"Participating in mental, social, and physical leisure activities and having a rich social network reduce the incidence of diabetes-related dementia in a cohort of Swedish older adults","volume":"42","author":"Marseglia","year":"2019","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"796","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.111.182204","article-title":"Blood pressure trajectories from midlife to late life in relation to dementia in women followed for 37 years","volume":"59","author":"Joas","year":"2012","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"518","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0b013e31820b7656","article-title":"Metabolic syndrome and cognitive decline in French elders: The Three-City Study","volume":"76","author":"Raffaitin","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2275","DOI":"10.1093\/gerona\/glab195","article-title":"Metabolic Syndrome is associated with poor cognition: A population-based study of 70-year-old adults without dementia","volume":"76","author":"Marseglia","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. 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