{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,18]],"date-time":"2026-02-18T23:17:25Z","timestamp":1771456645772,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,16]],"date-time":"2022-02-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1644969600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Brain Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Physiological studies have shown that self-body images receive unique recognition processing in a wide range of brain areas, from the frontal lobe to the parietal-occipital cortex. Event-related potential (ERP) studies have shown that the self-referential effect on the image of a hand increases P300 components, but such studies do not evaluate brain oscillatory activity. In this study, we aimed to discover the self-specific brain electrophysiological activity in relation to hand images. ERPs on the fronto-parietal midline were elicited by a three-stimulus visual oddball task using hand images: the self-hand, another hand (most similar to the self-hand), and another hand (similar to the self-hand). We analyzed ERP waveform and brain oscillatory activity by simple averaging and time-frequency analysis. The simple averaging analysis found no significant differences between the responses for the three stimulus tasks in all time windows. However, time-frequency analysis showed that self-hand stimuli elicited high gamma ERS in 650\u2013900 ms at the Cz electrode compared to other hand stimuli. Our results show that brain activity specific to the self-referential process to the self-hand image was reflected in the long latency gamma band activity in the mid-central region. This high gamma-band activity at the Cz electrode may be similar to the activity of the mirror neuron system, which is involved in hand motion.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci12020272","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,16]],"date-time":"2022-02-16T20:26:41Z","timestamp":1645043201000},"page":"272","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Parietal Gamma Band Oscillation Induced by Self-Hand Recognition"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Masaya","family":"Ueda","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate School of Comprehensive Rehabilitation, Osaka Prefecture University, Osaka 5838555, Japan"},{"name":"Rehabilitation Unit, Kyoto University Hospital, Kyoto University, Kyoto 6068507, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Keita","family":"Ueno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate School of Comprehensive Rehabilitation, Osaka Prefecture University, Osaka 5838555, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Takashi","family":"Inamoto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate School of Comprehensive Rehabilitation, Osaka Prefecture University, Osaka 5838555, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"China","family":"Shiroma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Comprehensive Rehabilitation, Osaka Prefecture University, Osaka 5838555, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Masahiro","family":"Hata","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita 5650871, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4245-0953","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ryouhei","family":"Ishii","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate School of Comprehensive Rehabilitation, Osaka Prefecture University, Osaka 5838555, Japan"},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita 5650871, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6635-9943","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yasuo","family":"Naito","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate School of Comprehensive Rehabilitation, Osaka Prefecture University, Osaka 5838555, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"677","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.35.9.677","article-title":"Self-reference and the encoding of personal information","volume":"35","author":"Rogers","year":"1977","journal-title":"J. Pers. Soc. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1002\/aur.1891","article-title":"The Self-Reference Effect on Perception: Undiminished in Adults with Autism and No Relation to Autism Traits","volume":"11","author":"Williams","year":"2018","journal-title":"Autism Res."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3216","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-018-3559-0","article-title":"Brief Report: Memory for Self-Performed Actions in Adults with Autism Spectrum Disorder: Why Does Memory of Self Decline in ASD?","volume":"48","author":"Yamamoto","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Autism Dev. Disord."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102134","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nicl.2019.102134","article-title":"Brain imaging correlates of self- and other-reflection in schizophrenia","volume":"25","author":"Salavert","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neuroimage Clin."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"620","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn4005","article-title":"Social cognition in schizophrenia","volume":"16","author":"Green","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1678984","DOI":"10.1155\/2019\/1678984","article-title":"Early Brain Damage Affects Body Schema and Person Perception Abilities in Children and Adolescents with Spastic Diplegia","volume":"2019","author":"Butti","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neural. Plast."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2016.00405","article-title":"Implicit and Explicit Routes to Recognize the Own Body: Evidence from Brain Damaged Patients","volume":"10","author":"Candini","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front. Hum. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.2009.188946","article-title":"The neuroanatomy of asomatognosia and somatoparaphrenia","volume":"81","author":"Feinberg","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"533","DOI":"10.1007\/s00221-008-1562-y","article-title":"Somatoparaphrenia: A body delusion. A review of the neuropsychological literature","volume":"192","author":"Vallar","year":"2009","journal-title":"Exp. Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1453","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropsychologia.2013.03.029","article-title":"Body ownership and attention in the mirror: Insights from somatoparaphrenia and the rubber hand illusion","volume":"51","author":"Jenkinson","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2012.02.069","article-title":"The effects of kinesthetic illusory sensation induced by a visual stimulus on the corticomotor excitability of the leg muscles","volume":"514","author":"Aoyama","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neurosci. Lett."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"976","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2007.07.028","article-title":"Kinesthetic illusory feeling induced by a finger movement movie effects on corticomotor excitability","volume":"149","author":"Kaneko","year":"2007","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kaneko, F., Blanchard, C., Lebar, N., Nazarian, B., Kavounoudias, A., and Romaigu\u00e8re, P. (2015). Brain Regions Associated to a Kinesthetic Illusion Evoked by Watching a Video of One\u2019s Own Moving Hand. PLoS ONE, 10.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0131970"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"551","DOI":"10.1162\/jocn.1996.8.6.551","article-title":"Electrophysiological Studies of Face Perception in Humans","volume":"8","author":"Bentin","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Cogn. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1016\/S0926-6410(00)00038-0","article-title":"Effects of face inversion on the structural encoding and recognition of faces. Evidence from event-related brain potentials","volume":"10","author":"Eimer","year":"2000","journal-title":"Brain Res. Cogn. Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhg111","article-title":"N170 or N1? Spatiotemporal differences between object and face processing using ERPs","volume":"14","author":"Itier","year":"2004","journal-title":"Cereb. Cortex."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1016\/j.braindev.2008.04.011","article-title":"Event-related potentials of self-face recognition in children with pervasive developmental disorders","volume":"31","author":"Gunji","year":"2009","journal-title":"Brain Dev."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1097\/01.wnr.0000203357.65190.61","article-title":"Self-face recognition in attended and unattended conditions: An event-related brain potential study","volume":"17","author":"Sui","year":"2006","journal-title":"Neuroreport"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.1080\/17470919.2015.1114021","article-title":"The temporal primacy of self-related stimuli and negative stimuli: An ERP-based comparative study","volume":"11","author":"Zhu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Soc. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1159\/000486870","article-title":"Healthy and Pathological Brain Aging: From the Perspective of Oscillations, Functional Connectivity, and Signal Complexity","volume":"75","author":"Ishii","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neuropsychobiology"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1507","DOI":"10.1162\/jocn.2008.20067","article-title":"Is it mine? Hemispheric asymmetries in corporeal self-recognition","volume":"20","author":"Frassinetti","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Cogn. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"322","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2009.03.015","article-title":"Selective impairment of self-body-parts processing in right brain-damaged patients","volume":"46","author":"Frassinetti","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cortex"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2347","DOI":"10.1007\/s00221-015-4303-z","article-title":"Attentional orienting to own and others\u2019 hands","volume":"233","author":"Sanabria","year":"2015","journal-title":"Exp. Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsycho.2010.07.004","article-title":"Spatiotemporal cortical activation underlying self-referencial processing evoked by self-hand","volume":"85","author":"Su","year":"2010","journal-title":"Biol. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1007\/s00221-009-1970-7","article-title":"The body in the brain revisited","volume":"200","author":"Berlucchi","year":"2010","journal-title":"Exp. Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3133","DOI":"10.1007\/s00221-016-4711-8","article-title":"Steady-state visually evoked potential correlates of human body perception","volume":"234","author":"Giabbiconi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Exp. Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Meeren, H.K., de Gelder, B., Ahlfors, S.P., H\u00e4m\u00e4l\u00e4inen, M.S., and Hadjikhani, N. (2013). Different cortical dynamics in face and body perception: An MEG study. PLoS ONE, 8.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0071408"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1669","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2008.05.045","article-title":"Your hand or mine? The extrastriate body area","volume":"42","author":"Myers","year":"2008","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"951","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.20558","article-title":"Cortical responses to self and others","volume":"30","author":"Hodzic","year":"2009","journal-title":"Hum. Brain Mapp."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1016\/S0167-8760(00)00166-5","article-title":"Oscillatory gamma activity in humans: A possible role for object representation","volume":"38","author":"Bertrand","year":"2000","journal-title":"Int. J. Psychophysiol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1016\/0013-4694(92)90133-3","article-title":"Event-related synchronization (ERS): An electrophysiological correlate of cortical areas at rest","volume":"83","author":"Pfurtscheller","year":"1992","journal-title":"Electroencephalogr. Clin. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ben-Simon, E., Podlipsky, I., Arieli, A., Zhdanov, A., and Hendler, T. (2008). Never resting brain: Simultaneous representation of two alpha related processes in humans. PLoS ONE, 3.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0003984"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"852","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.21475","article-title":"Dynamic changes of ICA-derived EEG functional connectivity in the resting state","volume":"34","author":"Chen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Hum. Brain Mapp."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14305","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.1358-12.2012","article-title":"\u03b1-band phase synchrony is related to activity in the fronto-parietal adaptive control network","volume":"32","author":"Sadaghiani","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"348","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2012.00348","article-title":"Extraversion and anterior vs. posterior DMN activity during self-referential thoughts","volume":"6","author":"Knyazev","year":"2013","journal-title":"Front. Hum. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15514","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1206580109","article-title":"Neural populations in human posteromedial cortex display opposing responses during memory and numerical processing","volume":"109","author":"Foster","year":"2012","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2012.11.016","article-title":"Neural oscillations dissociate between self-related attentional orientation versus evaluation","volume":"67","author":"Mu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2008.11.023","article-title":"Cortical oscillatory power changes during auditory oddball task revealed by spatially filtered magnetoencephalography","volume":"120","author":"Ishii","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clin. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2128","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2007.04.019","article-title":"Updating P300: An integrative theory of P3a and P3b","volume":"118","author":"Polich","year":"2007","journal-title":"Clin. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1023\/B:BRAT.0000032857.55223.5d","article-title":"BESA source coherence: A new method to study cortical oscillatory coupling","volume":"16","author":"Hoechstetter","year":"2004","journal-title":"Brain Topogr."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneumeth.2007.03.024","article-title":"Nonparametric statistical testing of EEG- and MEG-data","volume":"164","author":"Maris","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Neurosci. Methods"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"549","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8986.2011.01320.x","article-title":"Statistical testing in electrophysiological studies","volume":"49","author":"Maris","year":"2012","journal-title":"Psychophysiology"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"517","DOI":"10.1016\/0031-9384(95)02099-3","article-title":"P3(00) habituation from auditory and visual stimuli","volume":"59","author":"Romero","year":"1996","journal-title":"Physiol Behav."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1159\/000363341","article-title":"Event-Related Synchronization and Desynchronization of High-Frequency Electroencephalographic Activity during a Visual Go\/No-Go Paradigm","volume":"71","author":"Iijima","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neuropsychobiology"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1159\/000368119","article-title":"Emotion Regulation of Neuroticism: Emotional Information Processing Related to Psychosomatic State Evaluated by Electroencephalography and Exact Low-Resolution Brain Electromagnetic Tomography","volume":"71","author":"Ikeda","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neuropsychobiology"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1097\/WNP.0b013e3182872f40","article-title":"Localized high gamma motor oscillations respond to perceived biologic motion","volume":"30","author":"Darvas","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Clin. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"817","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2014.00817","article-title":"Non-invasive detection of high gamma band activity during motor imagery","volume":"8","author":"Smith","year":"2014","journal-title":"Front. Hum. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"302","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2008.02.032","article-title":"Movement related activity in the high gamma range of the human EEG","volume":"41","author":"Ball","year":"2008","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"930","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2009.08.041","article-title":"High gamma mapping using EEG","volume":"49","author":"Darvas","year":"2010","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"ref_50","first-page":"7","article-title":"Interactions between posterior gamma and frontal alpha\/beta oscillations during imagined actions","volume":"2","author":"Jensen","year":"2008","journal-title":"Front. Hum. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2012.12.076","article-title":"Nonlinear coupling between occipital and motor cortex during motor imagery: A dynamic causal modeling study","volume":"71","author":"Litvak","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116754","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2020.116754","article-title":"The \u2018Narcissus Effect\u2019: Top-down alpha-beta band modulation of face-related brain areas during self-face processing","volume":"213","author":"Alzueta","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1666","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2010.01.030","article-title":"EEG evidence of face-specific visual self-representation","volume":"50","author":"Miyakoshi","year":"2010","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kang, J.H., Kim, S.J., Cho, Y.S., and Kim, S.P. (2015). Modulation of Alpha Oscillations in the Human EEG with Facial Preference. PLoS ONE, 10.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0138153"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2018.00043","article-title":"EEG Beta Oscillations in the Temporoparietal Area Related to the Accuracy in Estimating Others\u2019 Preference","volume":"12","author":"Park","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Hum. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1007\/s00221-006-0662-9","article-title":"Effects of motor imagery training after chronic, complete spinal cord injury","volume":"177","author":"Cramer","year":"2007","journal-title":"Exp. Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1293","DOI":"10.1161\/01.STR.0000260205.67348.2b","article-title":"Mental practice in chronic stroke: Results of a randomized, placebo-controlled trial","volume":"38","author":"Page","year":"2007","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jelekin.2016.01.006","article-title":"Effect of kinesthetic illusion induced by visual stimulation on muscular output function after short-term immobilization","volume":"27","author":"Inada","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Electromyogr. Kinesiol."}],"container-title":["Brain Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-3425\/12\/2\/272\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T22:20:31Z","timestamp":1760134831000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-3425\/12\/2\/272"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,16]]},"references-count":58,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,2]]}},"alternative-id":["brainsci12020272"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/brainsci12020272","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-3425"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-3425","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,16]]}}}