{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,6]],"date-time":"2026-07-06T13:33:11Z","timestamp":1783344791058,"version":"3.54.6"},"reference-count":112,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,23]],"date-time":"2022-02-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1645574400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Brain Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Pain and suffering in persons with disorders of consciousness (DoC) remain poorly understood, frequently unaddressed or inadequately addressed, and controversial on numerous levels. This narrative literature review will address a number of critical issues germane to pain and suffering in this challenging group of patients, providing an introductory overview of the topic, perspectives on current knowledge regarding pain pathoanatomy and pathophysiology, and a review of common pain generators and factors that can lead to the chronifcation of pain. Caveats on bedside pain assessment challenges, as well as electrophysiologic and neuroimaging findings in these patients, will also be explored. Pain management techniques, including non-pharmacological and pharmacological, will be reviewed. Ethical considerations in the context of pain and suffering in persons with disorders of consciousness will round out the review prior to our concluding comments.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci12030300","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,23]],"date-time":"2022-02-23T09:34:38Z","timestamp":1645608878000},"page":"300","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["Pain in Persons with Disorders of Consciousness"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Nathan D.","family":"Zasler","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Concussion Care Centre of Virginia, LTD, Henrico, VA 23233, USA"},{"name":"Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2516-0540","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rita","family":"Formisano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IRCCS, Santa Lucia Foundation, 00179 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8907-5847","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marta","family":"Aloisi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IRCCS, Santa Lucia Foundation, 00179 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1976","DOI":"10.1097\/j.pain.0000000000001939","article-title":"The revised International Association for the Study of Pain definition of pain: Concepts, challenges, and compromises","volume":"161","author":"Raja","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"(2021, January 14). 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