{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,26]],"date-time":"2026-09-26T01:44:41Z","timestamp":1790387081480,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":102,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,1]],"date-time":"2022-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1646092800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000781","name":"European Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["616268"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["616268"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000781","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Programme for Research and Innovation","award":["785907 and 945539"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["785907 and 945539"]}]},{"name":"Grenoble-Alpes University Hospital","award":["DRCI 1325, EPISTIM study"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DRCI 1325, EPISTIM study"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Brain Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In tinnitus literature, researchers have increasingly been advocating for a clearer distinction between tinnitus perception and tinnitus-related distress. In non-bothersome tinnitus, the perception itself can be more specifically investigated: this has provided a body of evidence, based on resting-state and activation fMRI protocols, highlighting the involvement of regions outside the conventional auditory areas, such as the right parietal operculum. Here, we aim to conduct a review of available investigations of the human parietal operculo\u2013insular subregions conducted at the microscopic, mesoscopic, and macroscopic scales arguing in favor of an auditory\u2013somatosensory cross-talk. Both the previous literature and new results on functional connectivity derived from cortico\u2013cortical evoked potentials show that these subregions present a dense tissue of interconnections and a strong connectivity with auditory and somatosensory areas in the healthy brain. Disrupted integration processes between these modalities may thus result in erroneous perceptions, such as tinnitus. More precisely, we highlight the role of a subregion of the right parietal operculum, known as OP3 according to the J\u00fclich atlas, in the integration of auditory and somatosensory representation of the orofacial muscles in the healthy population. We further discuss how a dysfunction of these muscles could induce hyperactivity in the OP3. The evidence of direct electrical stimulation of this area eliciting auditory hallucinations further suggests its involvement in tinnitus perception. Finally, a small number of neuroimaging studies of therapeutic interventions for tinnitus provide additional evidence of right parietal operculum involvement.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci12030334","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,1]],"date-time":"2022-03-01T08:17:03Z","timestamp":1646122623000},"page":"334","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Tinnitus Perception in Light of  a Parietal Operculo\u2013Insular Involvement: A Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5049-8076","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chlo\u00e9","family":"Jaroszynski","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University Grenoble Alpes, Inserm, U1216, Grenoble Institut Neurosciences, 38000 Grenoble, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Agn\u00e8s","family":"Job","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut de Recherche Biom\u00e9dicale des Arm\u00e9es, IRBA, 91220 Br\u00e9tigny-sur-Orge, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1876-5485","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maciej","family":"Jedynak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University Grenoble Alpes, Inserm, U1216, Grenoble Institut Neurosciences, 38000 Grenoble, France"},{"name":"Aix Marseille University, Inserm, INS, Inst Neurosci Syst, 13005 Marseille, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Olivier","family":"David","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University Grenoble Alpes, Inserm, U1216, Grenoble Institut Neurosciences, 38000 Grenoble, France"},{"name":"Aix Marseille University, Inserm, INS, Inst Neurosci Syst, 13005 Marseille, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0766-0346","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chantal","family":"Delon-Martin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University Grenoble Alpes, Inserm, U1216, Grenoble Institut Neurosciences, 38000 Grenoble, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1007\/7854_2020_154","article-title":"Prevalence, Incidence, and Risk Factors for Tinnitus","volume":"51","author":"Biswas","year":"2021","journal-title":"Curr. 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