{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T02:54:30Z","timestamp":1760151270885,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,2]],"date-time":"2022-03-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1646179200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Brain Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leak can be spontaneous or nonspontaneous. The management options include conservative treatments, blood patch, and surgical repairs. We compared clinical symptoms, image findings, management options, hospitalization, and relapse rates among different causes of CSF leaks. Eighty-one patients were recruited: 20 with spontaneous and 61 with nonspontaneous CSF leaks. Nonspontaneous causes included lumbar puncture, surgery, and trauma. Surgery sites comprised sphenoid, spine, skull base, and calvaria. Spontaneous CSF leak came from the sphenoid or spine. Age, gender, body mass index, initial symptoms, hospitalization, treatment courses, and recurrence rates showed no difference between the groups. The spontaneous group had higher CSF accumulations on their MRIs. MRI pachymeninge enhancement showed the highest sensitivity (78.6%) for intracranial hypotension. Meningitis occurred in 1\/3 of sphenoid, skull base, and calvarian surgeries. Earlier reoperation was correlated with shorter hospitalization (r = 0.651), but the recurrence rates were similar. Longer intervals between surgery and CSF leak encouraged reoperation. Among the spontaneous spine and lumbar puncture-related CSF leaks, 57.1% of them responded to 4 days of conservative treatment. Among the trauma-related CSF leaks, 90.9% of them required surgical repair. The demographic data and symptoms were similar in various groups of CSF leak. The symptom onset durations and treatment strategies were different. However, the recurrence rates were similar.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci12030340","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,2]],"date-time":"2022-03-02T08:37:16Z","timestamp":1646210236000},"page":"340","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Treatment, Outcome, and Relapse of Spontaneous and Nonspontaneous Cerebrospinal Fluid Leak"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1178-7390","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yi-Cheng","family":"Tai","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, E-DA Hospital\/I-Shou University, Kaohsiung 824, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yi-Sheng","family":"Tai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology, Fu Jen Catholic University Hospital, New Taipei 243, Taiwan"},{"name":"Institute of Occupational Medicine and Industrial Hygiene, National Taiwan University, Taipei 100, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chang-Hsien","family":"Ou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, E-DA Hospital\/I-Shou University, Kaohsiung 824, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chun-Chung","family":"Lui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Medical Image, E-DA Cancer Hospital\/I-Shou University, Kaohsiung 824, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hao-Kuang","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, E-DA Hospital\/I-Shou University, Kaohsiung 824, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0887-1105","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hung-Chang","family":"Kuo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, E-DA Cancer Hospital\/I-Shou University, Kaohsiung 824, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shih-Pin","family":"Hsu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, E-DA Hospital\/I-Shou University, Kaohsiung 824, Taiwan"},{"name":"School of Medicine, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung 824, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2008-1040953","article-title":"Intracranial hypotension","volume":"16","author":"Khurana","year":"1996","journal-title":"Semin. 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J. Traumatol. (Engl. Ed.)"}],"container-title":["Brain Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-3425\/12\/3\/340\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T22:30:44Z","timestamp":1760135444000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-3425\/12\/3\/340"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,2]]},"references-count":27,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,3]]}},"alternative-id":["brainsci12030340"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/brainsci12030340","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-3425"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2076-3425"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,2]]}}}