{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,27]],"date-time":"2026-08-27T13:09:54Z","timestamp":1787836194122,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":233,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,10]],"date-time":"2022-03-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1646870400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007449","name":"Takeda Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["N\/A"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["N\/A"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007449","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004398","name":"Mitsubishi Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["N\/A"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["N\/A"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004398","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Brain Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The cerebellum governs motor coordination and motor learning. Infection with external microorganisms, such as viruses, bacteria, and fungi, induces the release and production of inflammatory mediators, which drive acute cerebellar inflammation. The clinical observation of acute cerebellitis is associated with the emergence of cerebellar ataxia. In our animal model of the acute inflammation of the cerebellar cortex, animals did not show any ataxia but hyperexcitability in the cerebellar cortex and depression-like behaviors. In contrast, animal models with neurodegeneration of the cerebellar Purkinje cells and hypoexcitability of the neurons show cerebellar ataxia. The suppression of the Ca2+-activated K+ channels in vivo is associated with a type of ataxia. Therefore, there is a gap in our interpretation between the very early phase of cerebellar inflammation and the emergence of cerebellar ataxia. In this review, we discuss the hypothesized scenario concerning the emergence of cerebellar ataxia. First, compared with genetically induced cerebellar ataxias, we introduce infection and inflammation in the cerebellum via aberrant immunity and glial responses. Especially, we focus on infections with cytomegalovirus, influenza virus, dengue virus, and SARS-CoV-2, potential relevance to mitochondrial DNA, and autoimmunity in infection. Second, we review neurophysiological modulation (intrinsic excitability, excitatory, and inhibitory synaptic transmission) by inflammatory mediators and aberrant immunity. Next, we discuss the cerebellar circuit dysfunction (presumably, via maintaining the homeostatic property). Lastly, we propose the mechanism of the cerebellar ataxia and possible treatments for the ataxia in the cerebellar inflammation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci12030367","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,10]],"date-time":"2022-03-10T11:46:47Z","timestamp":1646912807000},"page":"367","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":32,"title":["Acute Cerebellar Inflammation and Related Ataxia: Mechanisms and Pathophysiology"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9726-1009","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Md. Sorwer Alam","family":"Parvez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Drug Discovery Medicine, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto 606-8397, Japan"},{"name":"Department of Genetic Engineering & Biotechnology, Shahjalal University of Science & Technology, Sylhet 3114, Bangladesh"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3004-5886","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gen","family":"Ohtsuki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Drug Discovery Medicine, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto 606-8397, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1016\/S1364-6613(98)01222-4","article-title":"Cerebellar learning in the vestibulo-ocular reflex","volume":"2","author":"Ito","year":"1998","journal-title":"Trends Cogn. Sci."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.2002.tb07574.x","article-title":"Historical review of the significance of the cerebellum and the role of Purkinje cells in motor learning","volume":"978","author":"Ito","year":"2002","journal-title":"Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"304","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn2332","article-title":"Control of mental activities by internal models in the cerebellum","volume":"9","author":"Ito","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"561","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/121.4.561","article-title":"The cerebellar cognitive affective syndrome","volume":"121","author":"Schmahmann","year":"1998","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1176\/jnp.16.3.367","article-title":"Disorders of the cerebellum: Ataxia, dysmetria of thought, and the cerebellar cognitive affective syndrome","volume":"16","author":"Schmahmann","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Neuropsychiatry Clin. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2018.01.082","article-title":"Triple representation of language, working memory, social and emotion processing in the cerebellum: Convergent evidence from task and seed-based resting-state fMRI analyses in a single large cohort","volume":"172","author":"Guell","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1186\/s40673-017-0070-x","article-title":"The Origin of Mathematics and Number Sense in the Cerebellum: With Implications for Finger Counting and Dyscalculia","volume":"4","author":"Vandervert","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cerebellum Ataxias"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1371","DOI":"10.1038\/s41593-019-0436-x","article-title":"Functional boundaries in the human cerebellum revealed by a multi-domain task battery","volume":"22","author":"King","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"714","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-4886(76)90150-3","article-title":"Cerebellar pathways to ventral midbrain and nigra","volume":"53","author":"Snider","year":"1976","journal-title":"Exp. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-0173(83)90015-2","article-title":"Distribution of cerebellar terminations and their relation to other afferent terminations in the ventral lateral thalamic region of the monkey","volume":"5","author":"Asanuma","year":"1983","journal-title":"Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1016\/0306-4522(90)90428-7","article-title":"Cerebellotectal pathways in the macaque: Implications for collicular generation of saccades","volume":"36","author":"May","year":"1990","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1096-9861(19960429)368:2<215::AID-CNE4>3.0.CO;2-6","article-title":"Comparison of cerebellothalamic and pallidothalamic projections in the monkey (Macaca fuscata): A double anterograde labeling study","volume":"368","author":"Sakai","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Comp. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1491","DOI":"10.1038\/nn1544","article-title":"The cerebellum communicates with the basal ganglia","volume":"8","author":"Hoshi","year":"2005","journal-title":"Nat. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"214","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhp091","article-title":"Cerebellar inputs to intraparietal cortex areas LIP and MIP: Functional frameworks for adaptive control of eye movements, reaching, and arm\/eye\/head movement coordination","volume":"20","author":"Prevosto","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cereb. Cortex"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"700","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.21-02-00700.2001","article-title":"Cerebellar projections to the prefrontal cortex of the primate","volume":"21","author":"Middleton","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6283","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.21-16-06283.2001","article-title":"The inferior parietal lobule is the target of output from the superior colliculus, hippocampus, and cerebellum","volume":"21","author":"Clower","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10659","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.3134-07.2007","article-title":"Supplementary motor area and presupplementary motor area: Targets of basal ganglia and cerebellar output","volume":"27","author":"Akkal","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2322","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00339.2011","article-title":"The organization of the human cerebellum estimated by intrinsic functional connectivity","volume":"106","author":"Buckner","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10854","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.0857-12.2012","article-title":"Organization of cerebral projections to identified cerebellar zones in the posterior cerebellum of the rat","volume":"32","author":"Suzuki","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"620","DOI":"10.1002\/jnr.24993","article-title":"Input and output organization of the mesodiencephalic junction for cerebro-cerebellar communication","volume":"100","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Neurosci. Res."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"338","DOI":"10.1016\/S1364-6613(98)01221-2","article-title":"Internal models in the cerebellum","volume":"2","author":"Wolpert","year":"1998","journal-title":"Trends Cogn. Sci."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"718","DOI":"10.1016\/S0959-4388(99)00028-8","article-title":"Internal models for motor control and trajectory planning","volume":"9","author":"Kawato","year":"1999","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Neurobiol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4557","DOI":"10.1111\/febs.15355","article-title":"Synergistic excitability plasticity in cerebellar functioning","volume":"287","author":"Ohtsuki","year":"2020","journal-title":"FEBS J."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"785","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.1968.31.5.785","article-title":"Discharge of Purkinje and cerebellar nuclear neurons during rapidly alternating arm movements in the monkey","volume":"31","author":"Thach","year":"1968","journal-title":"J. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1162\/jocn.1989.1.2.136","article-title":"Timing functions of the cerebellum","volume":"1","author":"Ivry","year":"1989","journal-title":"J. Cogn. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1908","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.14-04-01908.1994","article-title":"Neural mechanisms underlying melodic perception and memory for pitch","volume":"14","author":"Zatorre","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"752","DOI":"10.1162\/089892998563149","article-title":"Cerebellar contributions to motor timing: A PET study of auditory and visual rhythm reproduction","volume":"10","author":"Penhune","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Cogn. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00527.2004","article-title":"Posture-related oscillations in human cerebellar thalamus in essential tremor are enabled by voluntary motor circuits","volume":"93","author":"Hua","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"637","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tins.2015.08.001","article-title":"Depression as a microglial disease","volume":"38","author":"Yirmiya","year":"2015","journal-title":"Trends Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2923","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2019.07.078","article-title":"Microglia-Triggered Plasticity of Intrinsic Excitability Modulates Psychomotor Behaviors in Acute Cerebellar Inflammation","volume":"28","author":"Yamamoto","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cell Rep."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100028","DOI":"10.1016\/j.crneur.2022.100028","article-title":"Microglia-triggered hypoexcitability plasticity of pyramidal neurons in the rat medial prefrontal cortex","volume":"3","author":"Yamawaki","year":"2022","journal-title":"Curr. Res. Neurobiol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E197","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1111098109","article-title":"Microglia activation triggers astrocyte-mediated modulation of excitatory neurotransmission","volume":"109","author":"Pascual","year":"2012","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"938","DOI":"10.1038\/nature01868","article-title":"Trans-synaptic shift in anion gradient in spinal lamina I neurons as a mechanism of neuropathic pain","volume":"424","author":"Coull","year":"2003","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2014.01.043","article-title":"Microglial CR3 activation triggers long-term synaptic depression in the hippocampus via NADPH oxidase","volume":"82","author":"Zhang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15879","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.0530-13.2013","article-title":"TNF-\u03b1 downregulates inhibitory neurotransmission through protein phosphatase 1-dependent trafficking of GABA(A) receptors","volume":"33","author":"Pribiag","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6146","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.3481-13.2014","article-title":"An adaptive role of TNF\u03b1 in the regulation of striatal synapses","volume":"34","author":"Lewitus","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5189","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.3338-07.2008","article-title":"Cytokine mechanisms of central sensitization: Distinct and overlapping role of interleukin-1beta, interleukin-6, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha in regulating synaptic and neuronal activity in the superficial spinal cord","volume":"28","author":"Kawasaki","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-physiol-020911-153336","article-title":"Small-conductance Ca2+-activated K+ channels: Form and function","volume":"74","author":"Adelman","year":"2012","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/19336950.2015.1029688","article-title":"SK channels and calmodulin","volume":"10","author":"Adelman","year":"2016","journal-title":"Channels"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"618","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2010.07.009","article-title":"Purkinje cell-specific knockout of the protein phosphatase PP2B impairs potentiation and cerebellar motor learning","volume":"67","author":"Schonewille","year":"2010","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13630","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.3226-10.2010","article-title":"Intrinsic plasticity complements long-term potentiation in parallel fiber input gain control in cerebellar Purkinje cells","volume":"30","author":"Belmeguenai","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2012.05.025","article-title":"SK2 channel modulation contributes to compartment-specific dendritic plasticity in cerebellar Purkinje cells","volume":"75","author":"Ohtsuki","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2546","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2016.02.054","article-title":"Activity-dependent plasticity of spike pauses in cerebellar Purkinje cells","volume":"14","author":"Grasselli","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cell Rep."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.14802\/jmd.20040","article-title":"Immune-Mediated Cerebellar Ataxias: Clinical Diagnosis and Treatment Based on Immunological and Physiological Mechanisms","volume":"14","author":"Mitoma","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Mov. Disord."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1056","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.27415","article-title":"The genetic nomenclature of recessive cerebellar ataxias","volume":"33","author":"Rossi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mov. Disord."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1098","DOI":"10.1007\/s12311-019-01052-2","article-title":"The Classification of Autosomal Recessive Cerebellar Ataxias: A Consensus Statement from the Society for Research on the Cerebellum and Ataxias Task Force","volume":"18","author":"Beaudin","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cerebellum"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"262","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2020.11.002","article-title":"Essential Tremor\u2014A Cerebellar Driven Disorder?","volume":"462","author":"Ibrahim","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2020.06.008","article-title":"Losing the Beat: Contribution of Purkinje Cell Firing Dysfunction to Disease, and Its Reversal","volume":"462","author":"Cook","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"987","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ncl.2013.04.006","article-title":"Clinical neurogenetics: Autosomal dominant spinocerebellar ataxia","volume":"31","author":"Shakkottai","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neurol. Clin."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"764","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp-2020-322850","article-title":"Diagnostic and therapeutic aspects of hemiplegic migraine","volume":"91","author":"Rispoli","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e239","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000002743","article-title":"Pearls & Oy-sters: Episodic ataxia type 2: Case report and review of the literature","volume":"86","author":"Guterman","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"553","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajhg.2012.07.019","article-title":"Autosomal-recessive congenital cerebellar ataxia is caused by mutations in metabotropic glutamate receptor 1","volume":"91","author":"Guergueltcheva","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am. J. Hum. Genet."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1186\/2053-8871-1-4","article-title":"From mice to men: Lessons from mutant ataxic mice","volume":"1","author":"Cendelin","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cerebellum Ataxias"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104606","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nbd.2019.104606","article-title":"Friedreich ataxia-pathogenesis and implications for therapies","volume":"132","author":"Delatycki","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Dis."},{"key":"ref_55","first-page":"8587203","article-title":"Friedreich\u2019s Ataxia: Clinical Presentation of a Compound Heterozygote Child with a Rare Nonsense Mutation and Comparison with Previously Published Cases","volume":"2018","author":"Rao","year":"2018","journal-title":"Case Rep. Neurol. Med."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"485","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.24595","article-title":"Compound heterozygous FXN mutations and clinical outcome in friedreich ataxia","volume":"79","author":"Galea","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ann. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"580","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ygeno.2006.06.015","article-title":"GAA repeat expansion mutation mouse models of Friedreich ataxia exhibit oxidative stress leading to progressive neuronal and cardiac pathology","volume":"88","author":"Pinto","year":"2006","journal-title":"Genomics"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"647","DOI":"10.1242\/dmm.024273","article-title":"Two different pathogenic mechanisms, dying-back axonal neuropathy and pancreatic senescence, are present in the YG8R mouse model of Friedreich\u2019s ataxia","volume":"9","author":"Riveiro","year":"2016","journal-title":"Dis. Model. Mech."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1052","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbadis.2009.07.011","article-title":"Frataxin deficiency induces Schwann cell inflammation and death","volume":"1792","author":"Lu","year":"2009","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta Mol. Basis Dis."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1237","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2014.1944","article-title":"Exome sequencing in the clinical diagnosis of sporadic or familial cerebellar ataxia","volume":"71","author":"Fogel","year":"2014","journal-title":"JAMA Neurol."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11795","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.0905-11.2011","article-title":"Aminopyridines correct early dysfunction and delay neurodegeneration in a mouse model of spinocerebellar ataxia type 1","volume":"31","author":"Hourez","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29489","DOI":"10.1038\/srep29489","article-title":"4-aminopyridine reverses ataxia and cerebellar firing deficiency in a mouse model of spinocerebellar ataxia type 6","volume":"6","author":"Jayabal","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3935","DOI":"10.1093\/hmg\/ddx281","article-title":"Potassium channel dysfunction underlies Purkinje neuron spiking abnormalities in spinocerebellar ataxia type 2","volume":"26","author":"Pulst","year":"2017","journal-title":"Hum. Mol. Genet."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1038\/nn1648","article-title":"Decreases in the precision of Purkinje cell pacemaking cause cerebellar dysfunction and ataxia","volume":"9","author":"Walter","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nat. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4910","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.3953-15.2016","article-title":"Prolonged Type 1 Metabotropic Glutamate Receptor Dependent Synaptic Signaling Contributes to Spino-Cerebellar Ataxia Type 1","volume":"36","author":"Power","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1113\/JP272950","article-title":"Progressive impairment of cerebellar mGluR signalling and its therapeutic potential for cerebellar ataxia in spinocerebellar ataxia type 1 model mice","volume":"595","author":"Shuvaev","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"667","DOI":"10.1007\/s12311-013-0472-0","article-title":"Enhanced synaptic inhibition in the cerebellar cortex of the ataxic PMCA2(\u2212\/\u2212) knockout mouse","volume":"12","author":"Empson","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cerebellum"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9474","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0401702101","article-title":"Cerebellar ataxia and Purkinje cell dysfunction caused by Ca2+-activated K+ channel deficiency","volume":"101","author":"Sausbier","year":"2004","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4220","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-22654-6","article-title":"Purkinje cell BKchannel ablation induces abnormal rhythm in deep cerebellar nuclei and prevents LTD","volume":"8","author":"Cheron","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3142","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awu314","article-title":"Reduced Purkinje cell dendritic arborization and loss of dendritic spines in essential tremor","volume":"137","author":"Louis","year":"2014","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awr301","article-title":"Defective dentate nucleus GABA receptors in essential tremor","volume":"135","author":"Brochu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"876","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2012.04.024","article-title":"Gaba and serotonin molecular neuroimaging in essential tremor: A clinical correlation study","volume":"18","author":"Gironell","year":"2012","journal-title":"Parkinsonism Relat. Disord."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1097\/00004691-200401000-00002","article-title":"Deep brain stimulation and essential tremor","volume":"21","author":"Lyons","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Clin. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2142","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awy139","article-title":"Physiological mechanisms of thalamic ventral intermediate nucleus stimulation for tremor suppression","volume":"141","author":"Milosevic","year":"2018","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13592","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1817689116","article-title":"Role of cerebellar GABAergic dysfunctions in the origins of essential tremor","volume":"116","author":"Zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1016\/0092-8674(95)90334-8","article-title":"Impairment of motor coordination, Purkinje cell synapse formation, and cerebellar long-term depression in GluR delta 2 mutant mice","volume":"81","author":"Kashiwabuchi","year":"1995","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9701","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.21-24-09701.2001","article-title":"Roles of glutamate receptor delta 2 subunit (GluRdelta 2) and metabotropic glutamate receptor subtype 1 (mGluR1) in climbing fiber synapse elimination during postnatal cerebellar development","volume":"21","author":"Hashimoto","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E948","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1218380110","article-title":"The \u03b42 glutamate receptor gates long-term depression by coordinating interactions between two AMPA receptor phosphorylation sites","volume":"110","author":"Kohda","year":"2013","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2440","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.0783-03.2004","article-title":"Oscillating Purkinje neuron activity causing involuntary eye movement in a mutant mouse deficient in the glutamate receptor delta2 subunit","volume":"24","author":"Yoshida","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10900","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.2240-04.2004","article-title":"Enhanced inhibitory synaptic transmission in the cerebellar molecular layer of the GluRdelta2 knock-out mouse","volume":"24","author":"Ohtsuki","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00243304","article-title":"Locomotor deficits in the mutant mouse, Lurcher","volume":"66","author":"Fortier","year":"1987","journal-title":"Exp. Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"769","DOI":"10.1038\/42009","article-title":"Neurodegeneration in Lurcher mice caused by mutation in delta2 glutamate receptor gene","volume":"388","author":"Zuo","year":"1997","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1038\/73877","article-title":"Mutation of a glutamate receptor motif reveals its role in gating and delta2 receptor channel properties","volume":"3","author":"Kohda","year":"2000","journal-title":"Nat. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2005.11.086","article-title":"The Lurcher mouse: Fresh insights from an old mutant","volume":"1140","author":"Vogel","year":"2007","journal-title":"Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"292","DOI":"10.1007\/s12311-014-0640-x","article-title":"The Spontaneous Ataxic Mouse Mutant Tippy is Characterized by a Novel Purkinje Cell Morphogenesis and Degeneration Phenotype","volume":"14","author":"Shih","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cerebellum"},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"675","DOI":"10.1177\/0883073818777673","article-title":"Acute cerebellitis in children: A variable clinical entity","volume":"33","author":"Emelifeonwu","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Child Neurol."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.1007\/s13365-019-00802-6","article-title":"Herpes simplex virus-1 as a rare etiology of isolated acute cerebellitis: Case report and literature review","volume":"26","author":"Paketci","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. NeuroVirol."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e50","DOI":"10.1086\/345781","article-title":"Acute cerebellitis caused by herpes simplex virus type 1","volume":"36","author":"Ciardi","year":"2003","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_89","first-page":"1","article-title":"Acute cerebellitis in adults: A case report and review of the literature","volume":"10","author":"Samkar","year":"2017","journal-title":"BMC Res. Notes"},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kosmac, K., Bantug, G.R., Pugel, E.P., Cekinovic, D., Jonjic, S., and Britt, W.J. (2013). Glucocortiocoid treatment of MCMV infected newborn mice attenuates CNS inflammation and limits deficits in cerebellar development. PLoS Pathog., 9.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1003200"},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20071489","article-title":"Altered development of the brain after focal herpesvirus infection of the central nervous system","volume":"205","author":"Koontz","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e01983-16","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01983-16","article-title":"Tumor necrosis factor alpha-induced recruitment of inflammatory mononuclear cells leads to inflammation and altered brain development in murine cytomegalovirus-infected newborn mice","volume":"91","author":"Seleme","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2111","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.181.3.2111","article-title":"CD8+ T lymphocytes control murine cytomegalovirus replication in the central nervous system of newborn animals","volume":"181","author":"Bantug","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hirota, Y., Minamikawa, S., Ishida, Y., Maruyama, A., and Nakagishi, Y. (2021). A Case of Influenza Virus-Induced Acute Cerebellitis Treated with Steroid Pulse Therapy. J. Pediatr. Neurol.","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0041-1731029"},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1578","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2009.140160","article-title":"Cerebellitis associated with influenza A (H1N1) pdm09, United States, 2013","volume":"20","author":"Sfeir","year":"2014","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1111\/irv.12177","article-title":"Influenza encephalopathy and related neuropsychiatric syndromes","volume":"7","author":"Mizuguchi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Influ. Other Respir. Viruses"},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E6107","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1620415114","article-title":"Influenza infection triggers disease in a genetic model of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis","volume":"114","author":"Blackmore","year":"2017","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1186\/1752-1947-6-43","article-title":"Epstein-Barr virus co-infection in a patient with dengue fever presenting with post-infectious cerebellitis: A case report","volume":"6","author":"Karunarathne","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Med. Case Rep."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.1136\/practneurol-2013-000571","article-title":"Spontaneously resolving cerebellar syndrome as a sequelae of dengue viral infection: A case series from Sri Lanka","volume":"14","author":"Weeratunga","year":"2013","journal-title":"Pract. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.4103\/0971-9903.319846","article-title":"Acute cerebellitis associated with dengue fever","volume":"26","author":"Venugopal","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Mahatma Gandhi Inst. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_101","first-page":"004","article-title":"Dengue Cerebellitis in an Adult Male\u2013A Case Report & Literature Review","volume":"S4","author":"Bernadette","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis. Ther."},{"key":"ref_102","first-page":"251","article-title":"Dengue fever presenting with acute cerebellitis in an adult patient","volume":"3","author":"Jain","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Med. Curr. Sci."},{"key":"ref_103","unstructured":"Naeem, A., Mubaraka, F., and Kha, A. (2019). Rare manifestation of dengue fever as acute cerebellitis. Neuroradiology, c16456."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"864","DOI":"10.12659\/AJCR.909884","article-title":"Dengue cerebellitis: A case report and literature review","volume":"19","author":"Khoo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am. J. Case Rep."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Withana, M., Rodrigo, C., Chang, T., Karunanayake, P., and Rajapakse, S. (2014). Dengue fever presenting with acute cerebellitis: A case report. BMC Res. Notes, 7.","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-0500-7-125"},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1435","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2019.01435","article-title":"Dengue virus infection of blood\u2013brain barrier cells: Consequences of severe disease","volume":"10","author":"Castellanos","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17926","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-54474-7","article-title":"Dengue infection in mice inoculated by the intracerebral route: Neuropathological effects and identification of target cells for virus replication","volume":"9","author":"Amorim","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1186\/1742-2094-8-23","article-title":"Intracerebral infection with dengue-3 virus induces meningoencephalitis and behavioral changes that precede lethality in mice","volume":"8","author":"Amaral","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Neuroinflamm."},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"824","DOI":"10.1007\/s11481-013-9480-6","article-title":"Immune players in the CNS: The astrocyte","volume":"8","author":"Jensen","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Neuroimmune Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Van Kralingen, C., Kho, D.T., Costa, J., Angel, C.E., and Graham, E.S. (2013). Exposure to inflammatory cytokines IL-1\u03b2 and TNF\u03b1 induces compromise and death of astrocytes; implications for chronic neuroinflammation. PLoS ONE, 8.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0084269"},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1787","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2020.09.098","article-title":"Prediction of potential inhibitors for RNA-dependent RNA polymerase of SARS-CoV-2 using comprehensive drug repurposing and molecular docking approach","volume":"163","author":"Parvez","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107413","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compbiolchem.2020.107413","article-title":"Genetic analysis of SARS-CoV-2 isolates collected from Bangladesh: Insights into the origin, mutational spectrum and possible pathomechanism","volume":"90","author":"Parvez","year":"2021","journal-title":"Comput. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111742","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2021.111742","article-title":"Main protease inhibitors and drug surface hotspots for the treatment of COVID-19: A drug repurposing and molecular docking approach","volume":"140","author":"Hasan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biomed. Pharmacother."},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Araf, Y., Akter, F., Tang, Y.D., Fatemi, R., Parvez, S.A., Zheng, C., and Hossain, G. (2022). Omicron variant of SARS-CoV-2: Genomics, transmissibility, and responses to current COVID-19 vaccines. J. Med. Virol., 1\u20138. online ahead of print.","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.27588"},{"key":"ref_115","unstructured":"Worldometer (2022, February 08). Coronavirus Cases. Available online: https:\/\/www.worldometers.info\/coronavirus\/."},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000012051","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 encephalitis presenting as a clinical cerebellar syndrome: A case report","volume":"97","author":"Oosthuizen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"911","DOI":"10.1007\/s12311-020-01177-9","article-title":"A first case of acute cerebellitis associated with coronavirus disease (COVID-19): A case report and literature review","volume":"19","author":"Fadakar","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cerebellum"},{"key":"ref_118","first-page":"e18505","article-title":"Acute COVID-19 cerebellitis: A rare neurological manifestation of COVID-19 infection","volume":"13","author":"Malayala","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"682","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2021.0500","article-title":"How COVID-19 affects the brain","volume":"78","author":"Boldrini","year":"2021","journal-title":"JAMA Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1446","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.01446","article-title":"The COVID-19 cytokine storm; what we know so far","volume":"11","author":"Ragab","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.1038\/nature21029","article-title":"Neurotoxic reactive astrocytes are induced by activated microglia","volume":"541","author":"Liddelow","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-021-00719-9","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 crosses the blood\u2013brain barrier accompanied with basement membrane disruption without tight junctions alteration","volume":"6","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Signal Transduct. Target. Ther."},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"722","DOI":"10.1007\/s11481-021-10029-0","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein Disrupts Blood\u2013Brain Barrier Integrity via RhoA Activation","volume":"16","author":"Tran","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Neuroimmune Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"951","DOI":"10.1016\/j.stem.2020.10.001","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 infects the brain choroid plexus and disrupts the blood-CSF barrier in human brain organoids","volume":"27","author":"Pellegrini","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell Stem Cell"},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"859","DOI":"10.1007\/s13760-021-01691-5","article-title":"Demyelination as a result of an immune response in patients with COVID-19","volume":"121","author":"Shabani","year":"2021","journal-title":"Acta Neurol. Belg."},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1491","DOI":"10.1007\/s00701-020-04374-x","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 can induce brain and spine demyelinating lesions","volume":"162","author":"Zanin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Acta Neurochir."},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1033","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30628-0","article-title":"COVID-19: Consider cytokine storm syndromes and immunosuppression","volume":"395","author":"Mehta","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102324","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msard.2020.102324","article-title":"A case of possible atypical demyelinating event of the central nervous system following COVID-19","volume":"44","author":"Zoghi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mult. Scler. Relat. Disord."},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3166","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-020-10014-2","article-title":"Acute inflammatory demyelinating polyneuritis in association with an asymptomatic infection by SARS-CoV-2","volume":"267","author":"Bracaglia","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4099","DOI":"10.1080\/21645515.2021.1971920","article-title":"Acute CNS demyelination in a subject with cerebellar ataxia following the first dose of COVID-19 vaccine; a case report","volume":"17","author":"Mirmosayyeb","year":"2021","journal-title":"Hum. Vaccines Immunother."},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7695","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkab571","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 Nsp3 unique domain SUD interacts with guanine quadruplexes and G4-ligands inhibit this interaction","volume":"49","author":"Lavigne","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2146","DOI":"10.1021\/jacsau.1c00451","article-title":"G-Quadruplexes in Neurobiology and Virology: Functional Roles and Potential Therapeutic Approaches","volume":"1","author":"Xu","year":"2021","journal-title":"JACS Au"},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Groh, M., Lufino, M.M., Wade-Martins, R., and Gromak, N. (2014). R-loops associated with triplet repeat expansions promote gene silencing in Friedreich ataxia and fragile X syndrome. PLoS Genet., 10.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pgen.1004318"},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"680858","DOI":"10.3389\/fncel.2021.680858","article-title":"Neuronal Damage and Neuroinflammation, a Bridge between Bacterial Meningitis and Neurodegenerative Diseases","volume":"15","author":"Farmen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Cell. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1117","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ncl.2014.07.009","article-title":"Infections of the cerebellum","volume":"32","author":"Pruitt","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neurol. Clin."},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"670","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2019.11.006","article-title":"Bacterial Peptidoglycan as a Driver of Chronic Brain Inflammation","volume":"26","author":"Laman","year":"2020","journal-title":"Trends Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-019-1564-7","article-title":"The endotoxin hypothesis of neurodegeneration","volume":"16","author":"Brown","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Neuroinflamm."},{"key":"ref_138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10478","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M414420200","article-title":"Syntaxin 6 and Vti1b form a novel SNARE complex, which is up-regulated in activated macrophages to facilitate exocytosis of tumor necrosis Factor-alpha","volume":"280","author":"Murray","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"368504211054985","DOI":"10.1177\/00368504211054985","article-title":"Inflammatory cytokines TNF\u03b1, IL-1\u03b2, and IL-6 are induced in endotoxin- stimulated microglia through different signaling cascades","volume":"104","author":"Ishijima","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Prog."},{"key":"ref_140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"635","DOI":"10.7150\/ijms.8.635","article-title":"Multiple Aspergillus cerebellar abscesses in a middle-aged female: Case report and literature review","volume":"8","author":"Chen","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. J. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1016\/j.surneu.2005.11.061","article-title":"Middle and posterior fossa aspergilloma","volume":"66","author":"Alapatt","year":"2006","journal-title":"Surg. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1590\/S1413-86702008000400019","article-title":"Cerebral aspergillosis presenting as a mass lesion","volume":"12","author":"Azarpira","year":"2008","journal-title":"Braz. J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1186\/s43055-022-00694-3","article-title":"The rising burden of invasive fungal infections in COVID-19, can structured CT thorax change the game","volume":"53","author":"Dubey","year":"2022","journal-title":"Egypt. J. Radiol. Nucl. Med."},{"key":"ref_144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1093\/qjmed\/92.4.233","article-title":"Cerebellar syndrome in Plasmodium falciparum malaria","volume":"92","author":"Kochar","year":"1999","journal-title":"QJM"},{"key":"ref_145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-018-2542-8","article-title":"Post-malaria neurological syndrome: Four cases, review of the literature and clarification of the nosological framework","volume":"17","author":"Tamzali","year":"2018","journal-title":"Malar. J."},{"key":"ref_146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"188","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.embor.7400878","article-title":"Herpes simplex virus eliminates host mitochondrial DNA","volume":"8","author":"Saffran","year":"2007","journal-title":"EMBO Rep."},{"key":"ref_147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2601","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.02087-08","article-title":"Herpes simplex virus UL12.5 targets mitochondria through a mitochondrial localization sequence proximal to the N terminus","volume":"83","author":"Corcoran","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"995","DOI":"10.1189\/jlb.0703328","article-title":"Endogenously oxidized mitochondrial DNA induces in vivo and in vitro inflammatory responses","volume":"75","author":"Collins","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Leukoc. Biol."},{"key":"ref_149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e49799","DOI":"10.15252\/embr.201949799","article-title":"Mitochondrial DNA in inflammation and immunity","volume":"21","author":"Riley","year":"2020","journal-title":"EMBO Rep."},{"key":"ref_150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0255721","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.02557-21","article-title":"Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1 Infection Disturbs the Mitochondrial Network, Leading to Type I Interferon Production through the RNA Polymerase III\/RIG-I Pathway","volume":"12","author":"Berry","year":"2021","journal-title":"mBio"},{"key":"ref_151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e46182","DOI":"10.15252\/embr.201846182","article-title":"Infection with the dengue RNA virus activates TLR9 signaling in human dendritic cells","volume":"19","author":"Lai","year":"2018","journal-title":"EMBO Rep."},{"key":"ref_152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.15252\/emmm.201404392","article-title":"HMGB1 facilitates repair of mitochondrial DNA damage and extends the lifespan of mutant ataxin-1 knock-in mice","volume":"7","author":"Ito","year":"2015","journal-title":"EMBO Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.2463\/mrms.4.103","article-title":"Cerebellar atrophy attributed to cerebellitis in two patients","volume":"4","author":"Adachi","year":"2005","journal-title":"Magn. Reson. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-017-0863-0","article-title":"Early strong intrathecal inflammation in cerebellar type multiple system atrophy by cerebrospinal fluid cytokine\/chemokine profiles: A case control study","volume":"14","author":"Yamasaki","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Neuroinflamm."},{"key":"ref_155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-1789.2007.00777.x","article-title":"Multiple system atrophy (MSA) with massive macrophage infiltration in the ponto-cerebellar afferent system","volume":"27","author":"Yokoyama","year":"2007","journal-title":"Neuropathology"},{"key":"ref_156","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mayocpiqo.2017.12.001","article-title":"Association of Immune-Mediated Cerebellitis with Immune Checkpoint Inhibitor Therapy","volume":"2","author":"Zurko","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mayo Clin. Proc. Innov. Qual. Outcomes"},{"key":"ref_157","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"506","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2013.1955","article-title":"Patient with homer-3 antibodies and cerebellitis","volume":"70","author":"Sabater","year":"2013","journal-title":"JAMA Neurol."},{"key":"ref_158","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1212\/01.wnl.0000251308.79366.f9","article-title":"Homer 3 autoimmunity in subacute idiopathic cerebellar ataxia","volume":"68","author":"Zuliani","year":"2007","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref_159","first-page":"e658","article-title":"Paraneoplastic cerebellar ataxia and antibodies to metabotropic glutamate receptor 2","volume":"7","author":"Joubert","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neurol. Neuroimmunol. Neuroinflamm."},{"key":"ref_160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2553","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awn183","article-title":"Spectrum of neurological syndromes associated with glutamic acid decarboxylase antibodies: Diagnostic clues for this association","volume":"131","author":"Saiz","year":"2008","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"ref_161","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp-2011-301506","article-title":"Contactin-associated protein-2 antibodies in non-paraneoplastic cerebellar ataxia","volume":"83","author":"Becker","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_162","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"683048","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2021.683048","article-title":"Update in Autoimmune Movement Disorders: Newly Described Antigen Targets in Autoimmune and Paraneoplastic Cerebellar Ataxia","volume":"12","author":"Garza","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_163","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.2174\/1570159X16666180917105033","article-title":"Immune-mediated cerebellar ataxias: Practical guidelines and therapeutic challenges","volume":"17","author":"Mitoma","year":"2019","journal-title":"Curr. Neuropharmacol."},{"key":"ref_164","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1016\/0163-7258(95)00016-A","article-title":"GABAB receptors","volume":"67","author":"Kerr","year":"1995","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_165","first-page":"109","article-title":"Uniqueness and redundancy in GABA production","volume":"5","author":"Pinal","year":"1998","journal-title":"Perspect. Dev. Neurobiol."},{"key":"ref_166","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"544","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.21123","article-title":"Effects of anti\u2013glutamic acid decarboxylase antibodies associated with neurological diseases","volume":"61","author":"Manto","year":"2007","journal-title":"Ann. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_167","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1186\/1750-1172-6-3","article-title":"Respective implications of glutamate decarboxylase antibodies in stiff person syndrome and cerebellar ataxia","volume":"6","author":"Manto","year":"2011","journal-title":"Orphanet J. Rare Dis."},{"key":"ref_168","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1007\/s12311-018-0986-6","article-title":"Anti-GAD antibodies and the cerebellum: Where do we stand?","volume":"18","author":"Manto","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cerebellum"},{"key":"ref_169","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2913297","DOI":"10.1155\/2017\/2913297","article-title":"Pathogenic roles of glutamic acid decarboxylase 65 autoantibodies in cerebellar ataxias","volume":"2017","author":"Mitoma","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Immunol. Res."},{"key":"ref_170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0404.2010.01356.x","article-title":"GAD antibody-associated neurological illness and its relationship to gluten sensitivity","volume":"123","author":"Hadjivassiliou","year":"2011","journal-title":"Acta Neurol. Scand."},{"key":"ref_171","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1221","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.58.8.1221","article-title":"The humoral response in the pathogenesis of gluten ataxia","volume":"58","author":"Hadjivassiliou","year":"2002","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref_172","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1007\/s12311-020-01203-w","article-title":"Clinical characteristics and management of 50 patients with anti-GAD ataxia: Gluten-free diet has a major impact","volume":"20","author":"Hadjivassiliou","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cerebellum"},{"key":"ref_173","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Boscolo, S., Lorenzon, A., Sblattero, D., Florian, F., Stebel, M., Marzari, R., Not, T., Aeschlimann, D., Ventura, A., and Hadjivassiliou, M. (2010). Anti transglutaminase antibodies cause ataxia in mice. PLoS ONE, 5.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0009698"},{"key":"ref_174","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.1159\/000369509","article-title":"Gluten-related disorders: Gluten ataxia","volume":"33","author":"Hadjivassiliou","year":"2015","journal-title":"Dig. Dis."},{"key":"ref_175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Auconi, M., Papetti, L., Ruscitto, C., Ferilli, M.A.N., Ursitti, F., Sforza, G., Vigevano, F., and Valeriani, M. (2021). Opsoclonus-Myoclonus Syndrome in Children and Adolescents: A Therapeutic Challenge. Children, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/children8110965"},{"key":"ref_176","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-802395-2.00020-1","article-title":"Immune-mediated disorders","volume":"145","author":"Lassmann","year":"2018","journal-title":"Handb. Clin. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_177","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2015.4607","article-title":"Clinical and immunological features of opsoclonus-myoclonus syndrome in the era of neuronal cell surface antibodies","volume":"73","author":"Sabater","year":"2016","journal-title":"JAMA Neurol."},{"key":"ref_178","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2178","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awu142","article-title":"Glycine receptor antibodies in PERM and related syndromes: Characteristics, clinical features and outcomes","volume":"137","author":"Leite","year":"2014","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"ref_179","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"569","DOI":"10.1007\/s00401-017-1802-y","article-title":"Genetic alterations and tumor immune attack in Yo paraneoplastic cerebellar degeneration","volume":"135","author":"Small","year":"2018","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol."},{"key":"ref_180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2017.12.012","article-title":"Complex HLA association in paraneoplastic cerebellar ataxia with anti-Yo antibodies","volume":"315","author":"Hillary","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Neuroimmunol."},{"key":"ref_181","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2010.05.035","article-title":"HLA-DQ2+ individuals are susceptible to Hu-Ab associated paraneoplastic neurological syndromes","volume":"226","author":"Haasnoot","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Neuroimmunol."},{"key":"ref_182","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"835","DOI":"10.1007\/s00401-014-1351-6","article-title":"Paraneoplastic CDR2 and CDR2L antibodies affect Purkinje cell calcium homeostasis","volume":"128","author":"Schubert","year":"2012","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol."},{"key":"ref_183","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Segawa, K., Blumenthal, Y., Yamawaki, Y., and Ohtsuki, G. (2021). A Destruction Model of the Vascular and Lymphatic Systems in the Emergence of Psychiatric Symptoms. Biology, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/biology10010034"},{"key":"ref_184","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1584","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.3407","article-title":"Development, maintenance and disruption of the blood-brain barrier","volume":"19","author":"Obermeier","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Salimi, H., and Klein, R.S. (2019). Disruption of the blood-brain barrier during neuroinflammatory and neuroinfectious diseases. Neuroimmune Diseases, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-19515-1_7"},{"key":"ref_186","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"252","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbadis.2010.06.017","article-title":"Disruption of central nervous system barriers in multiple sclerosis","volume":"1812","author":"Alvarez","year":"2011","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta Mol. Basis Dis."},{"key":"ref_187","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1196","DOI":"10.1001\/archneurol.2009.212","article-title":"Physiologic alterations in ataxia: Channeling changes into novel therapies","volume":"66","author":"Shakkottai","year":"2009","journal-title":"Arch. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_188","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"563","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00269.2006","article-title":"Voltage-dependent potassium currents during fast spikes of rat cerebellar Purkinje neurons: Inhibition by BDS-I toxin","volume":"97","author":"Martina","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"ref_189","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.2002.027854","article-title":"Distinct contributions of small and large conductance Ca2+-activated K+ channels to rat Purkinje neuron function","volume":"548","author":"Edgerton","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7082","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.3778-14.2015","article-title":"BK Channels Localize to the Paranodal Junction and Regulate Action Potentials in Myelinated Axons of Cerebellar Purkinje Cells","volume":"35","author":"Hirono","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_191","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.2002.tb07581.x","article-title":"The making of a complex spike: Ionic composition and plasticity","volume":"978","author":"Schmolesky","year":"2002","journal-title":"Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"ref_192","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1980.sp013358","article-title":"Electrophysiological properties of in vitro Purkinje cell dendrites in mammalian cerebellar slices","volume":"305","author":"Sugimori","year":"1980","journal-title":"J. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_193","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"330","DOI":"10.1007\/s12311-021-01244-9","article-title":"Part II. J. C. Eccles, R. Llinas and K. Sasaki, The Excitatory Synaptic Action of Climbing Fibres on the Purkinje Cells of the Cerebellum, J Physiol, 182: 268-296, 1966: The Rise of the Complex Spike","volume":"20","author":"Hansel","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cerebellum"},{"key":"ref_194","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3511","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.0290-04.2004","article-title":"Dendritic control of spontaneous bursting in cerebellar Purkinje cells","volume":"24","author":"Womack","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2528","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00127.2012","article-title":"Iberiotoxin-sensitive and -insensitive BK currents in Purkinje neuron somata","volume":"109","author":"Benton","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"ref_196","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"582","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI200420216","article-title":"Enhanced neuronal excitability in the absence of neurodegeneration induces cerebellar ataxia","volume":"113","author":"Shakkottai","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_197","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Grasselli, G., Boele, H.J., Titley, H.K., Bradford, N., van Beers, L., Jay, L., Beekhof, G.C., Busch, S.E., De Zeeuw, C.I., and Schonewille, M. (2020). SK2 channels in cerebellar Purkinje cells contribute to excitability modulation in motor-learning-specific memory traces. PLoS Biol., 18.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pbio.3000596"},{"key":"ref_198","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isci.2018.02.001","article-title":"Synaptic Potential and Plasticity of an SK2 Channel Gate Regulate Spike Burst Activity in Cerebellar Purkinje Cells","volume":"1","author":"Ohtsuki","year":"2018","journal-title":"iScience"},{"key":"ref_199","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.3211-18.2019","article-title":"Modification of Synaptic-Input Clustering by Intrinsic Excitability Plasticity on Cerebellar Purkinje Cell Dendrites","volume":"40","author":"Ohtsuki","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nbd.2008.09.019","article-title":"FGF14 regulates the intrinsic excitability of cerebellar Purkinje neurons","volume":"33","author":"Shakkottai","year":"2009","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Dis."},{"key":"ref_201","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2831","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00261.2004","article-title":"Resurgent Na currents in four classes of neurons of the cerebellum","volume":"92","author":"Afshari","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"ref_202","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"881","DOI":"10.1016\/S0896-6273(00)80969-1","article-title":"Altered subthreshold sodium currents and disrupted firing patterns in Purkinje neurons of Scn8a mutant mice","volume":"19","author":"Raman","year":"1997","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"ref_203","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"729","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-3495(01)76052-3","article-title":"Inactivation and recovery of sodium currents in cerebellar Purkinje neurons: Evidence for two mechanisms","volume":"80","author":"Raman","year":"2001","journal-title":"Biophys. J."},{"key":"ref_204","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Palay, S.L., and Chan-Palay, V. (1974). Cerebellar Cortex: Cytology and Organization, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-65581-4"},{"key":"ref_205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"296","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2015.00296","article-title":"The role of cerebellar circuitry alterations in the pathophysiology of autism spectrum disorders","volume":"9","author":"Mosconi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Front. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_206","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"643","DOI":"10.1007\/s11064-020-02961-z","article-title":"Glial Factors Regulating White Matter Development and Pathologies of the Cerebellum","volume":"45","author":"Revuelta","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neurochem. Res."},{"key":"ref_207","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2125","DOI":"10.1002\/glia.23637","article-title":"Microglia roles in synaptic plasticity and myelination in homeostatic conditions and neurodevelopmental disorders","volume":"67","author":"Bar","year":"2019","journal-title":"Glia"},{"key":"ref_208","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.1016\/S0896-6273(04)00069-8","article-title":"Microglia promote the death of developing Purkinje cells","volume":"41","author":"Dusart","year":"2004","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"ref_209","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2830","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-018-05100-z","article-title":"Microglia permit climbing fiber elimination by promoting GABAergic inhibition in the developing cerebellum","volume":"9","author":"Nakayama","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tremblay, M.\u00c8., Lowery, R.L., and Majewska, A.K. (2010). Microglial interactions with synapses are modulated by visual experience. PLoS Biol., 8.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pbio.1000527"},{"key":"ref_211","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"400","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.3641","article-title":"Deficient neuron-microglia signaling results in impaired functional brain connectivity and social behavior","volume":"17","author":"Zhan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_212","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2009.01.040","article-title":"Tumor necrosis factor-\u03b1 modulates glutamate transport in the CNS and is a critical determinant of outcome from viral encephalomyelitis","volume":"1263","author":"Carmen","year":"2009","journal-title":"Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_213","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12464","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.05576-11","article-title":"Glutamate excitotoxicity is involved in the induction of paralysis in mice after infection by a human coronavirus with a single point mutation in its spike protein","volume":"85","author":"Brison","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_214","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"503","DOI":"10.3988\/jcn.2021.17.4.503","article-title":"How Inflammation Affects the Brain in Depression: A Review of Functional and Structural MRI Studies","volume":"17","author":"Han","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Clin. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1382","DOI":"10.1007\/s10495-010-0481-0","article-title":"Molecular and cellular mechanisms of excitotoxic neuronal death","volume":"15","author":"Wang","year":"2010","journal-title":"Apoptosis"},{"key":"ref_216","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Le Gall, L., Anakor, E., Connolly, O., Vijayakumar, U.G., Duddy, W.J., and Duguez, S. (2020). Molecular and cellular mechanisms affected in ALS. J. Pers. Med., 10.","DOI":"10.1186\/s13395-020-00238-1"},{"key":"ref_217","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8830","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.0730-17.2017","article-title":"Calpain-dependent degradation of nucleoporins contributes to motor neuron death in a mouse model of chronic excitotoxicity","volume":"37","author":"Sugiyama","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_218","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1358","DOI":"10.1038\/mp.2015.168","article-title":"Inflammation is associated with decreased functional connectivity within corticostriatal reward circuitry in depression","volume":"21","author":"Felger","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_219","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2179","DOI":"10.1038\/npp.2013.115","article-title":"Chronic interferon-\u03b1 decreases dopamine 2 receptor binding and striatal dopamine release in association with anhedonia-like behavior in nonhuman primates","volume":"38","author":"Felger","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"key":"ref_220","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6353","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.2159-20.2021","article-title":"Early inflammation dysregulates neuronal circuit formation in vivo via upregulation of IL-1\u03b2","volume":"41","author":"Solek","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_221","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1792","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmb.2019.01.016","article-title":"Role of microglia in ataxias","volume":"431","author":"Ferro","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_222","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1016\/0960-5428(96)00017-4","article-title":"Molecular mechanisms of microglial activation","volume":"6","author":"Zielasek","year":"1996","journal-title":"Adv. Neuroimmunol."},{"key":"ref_223","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1018","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.4397","article-title":"Microglia emerge as central players in brain disease","volume":"23","author":"Salter","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_224","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"957","DOI":"10.1016\/S0197-4580(01)00306-2","article-title":"Gene expression profiling of amyloid beta peptide-stimulated human post-mortem brain microglia","volume":"22","author":"Walker","year":"2001","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Aging"},{"key":"ref_225","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"867","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2007.02.055","article-title":"Neuroprotective role of the innate immune system by microglia","volume":"147","author":"Glezer","year":"2007","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"ref_226","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4730878","DOI":"10.1155\/2017\/4730878","article-title":"trans-Cinnamaldehyde inhibits microglial activation and improves neuronal survival against neuroinflammation in BV2 microglial cells with lipopolysaccharide stimulation","volume":"2017","author":"Fu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Evid. Based Complement. Altern. Med."},{"key":"ref_227","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2011.04.019","article-title":"Rifampicin inhibits microglial inflammation and improves neuron survival against inflammation","volume":"1395","author":"Bi","year":"2011","journal-title":"Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_228","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Balzano, T., Leone, P., Ivaylova, G., Castro, M.C., Reyes, L., Ram\u00f3n, C., Malaguarnera, M., Llansola, M., and Felipo, V. (2021). Rifaximin Prevents T-Lymphocytes and Macrophages Infiltration in Cerebellum and Restores Motor Incoordination in Rats with Mild Liver Damage. Biomedicines, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines9081002"},{"key":"ref_229","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.15324\/kjcls.2020.52.4.389","article-title":"Noni Inhibits Neuronal Damage Caused by the Immune Reaction of Microglial Cells Activated by Doxorubicin","volume":"52","author":"Jung","year":"2020","journal-title":"Korean J. Clin. Lab. Sci."},{"key":"ref_230","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-016-0541-7","article-title":"Oxytocin inhibits lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammation in microglial cells and attenuates microglial activation in lipopolysaccharide-treated mice","volume":"13","author":"Yuan","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Neuroinflamm."},{"key":"ref_231","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-017-0906-6","article-title":"A systems pharmacology-based approach to identify novel Kv1. 3 channel-dependent mechanisms in microglial activation","volume":"14","author":"Rangaraju","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Neuroinflamm."},{"key":"ref_232","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7258","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.3582-09.2010","article-title":"The therapeutic mode of action of 4-aminopyridine in cerebellar ataxia","volume":"30","author":"Khodakhah","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_233","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1623","DOI":"10.1212\/01.WNL.0000125691.74109.53","article-title":"Treatment of episodic ataxia type 2 with the potassium channel blocker 4-aminopyridine","volume":"62","author":"Strupp","year":"2004","journal-title":"Neurology"}],"container-title":["Brain Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-3425\/12\/3\/367\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T22:34:35Z","timestamp":1760135675000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-3425\/12\/3\/367"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,10]]},"references-count":233,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,3]]}},"alternative-id":["brainsci12030367"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/brainsci12030367","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-3425"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-3425","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,10]]}}}