{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T07:16:18Z","timestamp":1791357378127,"version":"4.3.1"},"reference-count":168,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,12]],"date-time":"2022-03-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1647043200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Brain Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Eating disorders (EDs) are serious, life-threatening psychiatric conditions associated with physical and psychosocial impairment, as well as high morbidity and mortality. Given the chronic refractory nature of EDs and the paucity of evidence-based treatments, there is a pressing need to identify novel approaches for this population. The noncompetitive N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAr) antagonist, ketamine, has recently been approved for treatment-resistant depression, exerting rapid and robust antidepressant effects. It is now being investigated for several new indications, including obsessive\u2013compulsive, post-traumatic, and substance use disorder, and shows transdiagnostic potential for EDs, particularly among clinical nonresponders. Hence, the aim of this review is to examine contemporary findings on the treatment of EDs with ketamine, whether used as a primary, adjunctive, or combination psychopharmacotherapy. Avenues for future research are also discussed. Overall, results are encouraging and point to therapeutic value; however, are limited to case series and reports on anorexia nervosa. Further empirical research is thus needed to explore ketamine efficacy across ED subgroups, establish safety profiles and optimize dosing, and develop theory-driven, targeted treatment strategies at the individual patient level.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci12030382","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,13]],"date-time":"2022-03-13T22:29:43Z","timestamp":1647210583000},"page":"382","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":33,"title":["Ketamine as a Novel Psychopharmacotherapy for Eating Disorders: Evidence and Future Directions"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5796-3428","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anya","family":"Ragnhildstveit","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA"},{"name":"Integrated Research Literacy Group, Draper, UT 84020, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matthew","family":"Slayton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA"},{"name":"Integrated Research Literacy Group, Draper, UT 84020, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laura Kate","family":"Jackson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Integrated Research Literacy Group, Draper, UT 84020, USA"},{"name":"Novamind, Draper, UT 84020, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Madeline","family":"Brendle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Integrated Research Literacy Group, Draper, UT 84020, USA"},{"name":"Novamind, Draper, UT 84020, USA"},{"name":"Department of Pharmacotherapy, University of Utah College of Pharmacy, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sachin","family":"Ahuja","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Novamind, Draper, UT 84020, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Willis","family":"Holle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Integrated Research Literacy Group, Draper, UT 84020, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Claire","family":"Moore","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Novamind, Draper, UT 84020, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kellie","family":"Sollars","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Novamind, Draper, UT 84020, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paul","family":"Seli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Reid","family":"Robison","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Novamind, Draper, UT 84020, USA"},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84108, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1016\/S2215-0366(16)00081-X","article-title":"Eating Disorders: The Big Issue","volume":"3","author":"Schmidt","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lancet Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"899","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30059-3","article-title":"Eating Disorders","volume":"395","author":"Treasure","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"720","DOI":"10.1037\/a0034004","article-title":"DSM\u2013IV\u2013TR and DSM-5 Eating Disorders in Adolescents: Prevalence, Stability, and Psychosocial Correlates in a Population-Based Sample of Male and Female Adolescents","volume":"122","author":"Allen","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. 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