{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]],"date-time":"2026-10-16T17:40:55Z","timestamp":1792172455529,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,26]],"date-time":"2022-04-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1650931200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Verein zur Foerderung der Epilepsieforschung e.V. (Bonn).","award":["n.n."],"award-info":[{"award-number":["n.n."]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Brain Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation (taVNS) is a novel non-invasive treatment option for different diseases and symptoms, such as epilepsy or depression. Its mechanism of action, however, is still not fully understood. We investigated short-term taVNS-induced changes of local and global properties of EEG-derived, evolving functional brain networks from eighteen subjects who underwent two 1 h stimulation phases (morning and afternoon) during continuous EEG-recording. In the majority of subjects, taVNS induced measurable modifications of network properties. Network alterations induced by stimulation in the afternoon were clearly more pronounced than those induced by stimulation in the morning. Alterations mostly affected the networks\u2019 topology and stability properties. On the local network scale, no clear-cut spatial stimulation-related patterns could be discerned. Our findings indicate that the possible impact of diurnal influences on taVNS-induced network modifications would need to be considered for future research and clinical studies of this non-pharmaceutical intervention approach.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci12050546","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,26]],"date-time":"2022-04-26T11:45:55Z","timestamp":1650973555000},"page":"546","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Modifications of Functional Human Brain Networks by Transcutaneous Auricular Vagus Nerve Stimulation: Impact of Time of Day"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9430-5037","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Randi","family":"von Wrede","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epileptology, University Hospital Bonn, 53127 Bonn, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Timo","family":"Br\u00f6hl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epileptology, University Hospital Bonn, 53127 Bonn, Germany"},{"name":"Helmholtz-Institute for Radiation and Nuclear Physics, University of Bonn, 53115 Bonn, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thorsten","family":"Rings","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epileptology, University Hospital Bonn, 53127 Bonn, Germany"},{"name":"Helmholtz-Institute for Radiation and Nuclear Physics, University of Bonn, 53115 Bonn, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8280-6475","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jan","family":"Pukropski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epileptology, University Hospital Bonn, 53127 Bonn, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christoph","family":"Helmstaedter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epileptology, University Hospital Bonn, 53127 Bonn, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5529-8559","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Klaus","family":"Lehnertz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epileptology, University Hospital Bonn, 53127 Bonn, Germany"},{"name":"Helmholtz-Institute for Radiation and Nuclear Physics, University of Bonn, 53115 Bonn, Germany"},{"name":"Interdisciplinary Center for Complex Systems, University of Bonn, 53117 Bonn, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1016\/j.seizure.2021.05.017","article-title":"Transcutaneous Vagus Nerve Stimulation (t-VNS) and epilepsy: A systematic review of the literature","volume":"91","author":"Lampros","year":"2021","journal-title":"Seizure"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1186\/s10194-015-0543-3","article-title":"Treatment of chronic migraine with transcutaneous stimulation of the auricular branch of the vagal nerve (auricular t-VNS): A randomized, monocentric clinical trial","volume":"16","author":"Straube","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. 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