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ELS can also evaluate pragmatic language, including excessive self-repetition, which is challenging to assess with traditional standardized assessments. This study explored how a well-established ELS protocol can assess three types of linguistic self-repetition in three neurodevelopmental disabilities: fragile X syndrome (FXS), autism spectrum disorder (ASD), and Down syndrome (DS). We examined its ability to differentiate between these disorders, the relationships between repetitive language and other participant characteristics, and initial construct validity. We found that the groups with FXS and ASD differed significantly on each of the three repetitive language measure, and that the group with DS differed from either ASD or FXS on two. Cognitive ability was significantly related to phrase repetition in the group with ASD. When the groups were combined, there was evidence of convergent and divergent validity. This study extends previous research on ELS and supports its use as a means to characterize pragmatic language. It also provides information about the relationships between repetitive language and other phenotypic characteristics.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci12050575","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,29]],"date-time":"2022-04-29T16:49:57Z","timestamp":1651250997000},"page":"575","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Analysis of a Repetitive Language Coding System: Comparisons between Fragile X Syndrome, Autism, and Down Syndrome"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Anne","family":"Hoffmann","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Communication Disorders and Sciences and Pediatrics, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Angela","family":"Thurman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MIND Institute, School of Medicine, University of California Davis Health, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA"},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California Davis Health, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Audra","family":"Sterling","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Waisman Center, Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8299-7585","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sara","family":"Kover","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Speech and Hearing Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5300-9282","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lizbeth","family":"Finestack","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Speech-Language-Hearing Sciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elizabeth","family":"Berry-Kravis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Pediatrics, Neurological Sciences, Anatomy and Cell Biology, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jamie","family":"Edgin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology and Sonoran UCEDD, College of Science, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrea","family":"Drayton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MIND Institute, School of Medicine, University of California Davis Health, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA"},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California Davis Health, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eric","family":"Fombonne","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Psychiatry and Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2311-7194","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Leonard","family":"Abbeduto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MIND Institute, School of Medicine, University of California Davis Health, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA"},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California Davis Health, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1098-2779(1997)3:4<307::AID-MRDD5>3.0.CO;2-K","article-title":"Language development in children and adolescents with down syndrome","volume":"3","author":"Chapman","year":"1997","journal-title":"Ment. 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