{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T13:31:12Z","timestamp":1788269472460,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":60,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,29]],"date-time":"2022-04-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1651190400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"University of Medical Sciences funds"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Brain Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Neurological autoimmune diseases have various origins and pathogeneses. Specific antibodies are associated with paraneoplastic syndromes, other infectious agents, or inherited disorders. We aim to evaluate the relation between the autoantibodies, the chosen symptoms, demographic characteristics, and infection history. We retrospectively analysed 508 children during neurological diagnostics. We investigated serum antineuronal, IgG, IgM anti-ganglioside, and anti-aquaporin-4 in both the serum and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) anti-cell surface and anti-synaptic protein antibodies in 463, 99, 44, 343, and 119 patients, respectively. The CSF polymerase chain reaction detection of Herpesviridae, enterovirus, B19 parvovirus, adenovirus, and parechovirus involved 261 patients. We included available clinical information and electroencephalographic, radiologic, and microbiological results. The IgM anti-ganglioside antibodies increased the risk of tics and positive symptoms (p = 0.0345, p = 0.0263, respectively), the anti-glutamic acid decarboxylase particle of paresis (p = 0.0074), and anti-neuroendothelium of mutism (p = 0.0361). Anti-neuroendothelium, IgM anti-ganglioside, and CSF anti-N-methyl-D-aspartate antibodies were more often associated with consciousness loss (p = 0.0496, p = 0.0044, p = 0.0463, respectively). Anti-myelin antibodies co-occured with Herpes simplex virus (HSV)-2 IgG (p = 0.0415), anti-CV2 with HSV-1 IgM (p = 0.0394), whereas anti-glial fibrillary acidic protein was linked with past Epstein-Barr virus infection. The anti-ganglioside IgM and anti-myelin particles were bilaterally correlated (p = 0.0472). The clinical pictures may overlap, requiring specialistic diagnostics. We noticed the links between the infection aetiology and the specific autoantibody\u2019s positivity.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci12050584","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,29]],"date-time":"2022-04-29T16:49:57Z","timestamp":1651250997000},"page":"584","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["The Clinical Spectrum of Autoimmune-Mediated Neurological Diseases in Paediatric Population"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2354-4484","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Karol","family":"Lubarski","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases and Child Neurology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 27\/33 Szpitalna St., 60-572 Poznan, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0141-2560","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anna","family":"Mania","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases and Child Neurology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 27\/33 Szpitalna St., 60-572 Poznan, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S\u0142awomir","family":"Michalak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Division of Neurochemistry and Neuropathology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 49 Przybyszewskiego St., 60-355 Poznan, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Krystyna","family":"Osztynowicz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Division of Neurochemistry and Neuropathology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 49 Przybyszewskiego St., 60-355 Poznan, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2695-4649","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Katarzyna","family":"Mazur-Melewska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases and Child Neurology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 27\/33 Szpitalna St., 60-572 Poznan, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4731-0658","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Magdalena","family":"Figlerowicz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases and Child Neurology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 27\/33 Szpitalna St., 60-572 Poznan, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2751","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2018.02751","article-title":"Pathogenesis and Treatment of Neurologic Diseases Associated With Mycoplasma Pneumoniae Infection","volume":"9","author":"Mencaroni","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.2217\/fvl-2019-0162","article-title":"Pediatric Postviral Autoimmune Disorders of the CNS","volume":"15","author":"Figlerowicz","year":"2020","journal-title":"Future Virol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"745","DOI":"10.1515\/revneuro-2017-0081","article-title":"Paraneoplastic Movement Disorders","volume":"29","author":"Kozubski","year":"2018","journal-title":"Rev. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1135","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.2003.034447","article-title":"Recommended Diagnostic Criteria for Paraneoplastic Neurological Syndromes","volume":"75","author":"Graus","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.4103\/jpn.JPN_185_16","article-title":"Pediatric Autoimmune Encephalitis","volume":"12","author":"Barbagallo","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Pediatr. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e01161-19","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01161-19","article-title":"Herpes Simplex Virus 1 Induces Brain Inflammation and Multifocal Demyelination in the Cotton Rat Sigmodon Hispidus","volume":"94","author":"Boukhvalova","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jns.2010.10.013","article-title":"A Serological Analysis of Viral and Bacterial Infections Associated with Neuromyelitis Optica","volume":"300","author":"Koga","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1177\/096120339500400203","article-title":"Mosaic of Anti-Endothelial Antibodies: Review of the First International Workshop on Anti-Endothelial Antibodies: Clinical and Pathological Significance Milan, 9 November 1994","volume":"4","author":"Meroni","year":"1995","journal-title":"Lupus"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-5728(87)90030-0","article-title":"Anti-Endothelial Cell Antibodies and Circulating Immune Complexes in the Sera of Patients with Multiple Sclerosis","volume":"17","author":"Tanaka","year":"1987","journal-title":"J. Neuroimmunol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00465","DOI":"10.1002\/brb3.465","article-title":"Is Peripheral Paraneoplastic Neurological Syndrome Possible in Primary Brain Tumors?","volume":"6","author":"Koszewicz","year":"2016","journal-title":"Brain Behav."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"919","DOI":"10.1191\/0961203303lu503oa","article-title":"Endothelium and the Brain in CNS Lupus","volume":"12","author":"Meroni","year":"2003","journal-title":"Lupus"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"800","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2013.09.006","article-title":"Anti-Brain Autoantibodies in the Serum of Schizophrenic Patients: A Case-Control Study","volume":"210","author":"Margari","year":"2013","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-510X(94)00215-A","article-title":"Serum Anti-Brain Endothelium Antibodies and Cognitive Assessment in Patients with Binswanger\u2019s Encephalopathy","volume":"128","author":"Annunziata","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_14","first-page":"100","article-title":"Clinical significance of anti-MAG, anti-myelin and anti-neuroendothelium antibodies","volume":"13","author":"Michalak","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neuroskop"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"585","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.55.4.585","article-title":"Anti-GM1 Antibody Facilitates Leakage in an in Vitro Blood-Nerve Barrier Model","volume":"55","author":"Kanda","year":"2000","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msard.2018.02.020","article-title":"Autoimmune GFAP Astrocytopathy after Viral Encephalitis: A Case Report","volume":"21","author":"Li","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mult. Scler. Relat. Dis."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1007\/s11910-019-1015-y","article-title":"Atypical Pediatric Demyelinating Diseases of the Central Nervous System","volume":"19","author":"Troxell","year":"2019","journal-title":"Curr. Neurol. Neurosci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1297","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2016.2549","article-title":"Autoimmune Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein Astrocytopathy: A Novel Meningoencephalomyelitis","volume":"73","author":"Fang","year":"2016","journal-title":"JAMA Neurol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejpn.2020.03.002","article-title":"Mild Encephalitis\/Encephalopathy with Reversible Splenial Lesion Syndrome: An Unusual Presentation of Anti-GFAP Astrocytopathy","volume":"26","author":"Oger","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur. J. Paediatr. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1427","DOI":"10.1177\/1352458519837705","article-title":"MOG Antibody\u2013Associated Encephalomyelitis\/Encephalitis","volume":"25","author":"Salama","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mult. Scler."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3740","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.21-11-03740.2001","article-title":"Protective Autoimmunity Is a Physiological Response to CNS Trauma","volume":"21","author":"Yoles","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa022328","article-title":"Antimyelin Antibodies as a Predictor of Clinically Definite Multiple Sclerosis after a First Demyelinating Event","volume":"349","author":"Berger","year":"2003","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1038\/s41582-018-0112-x","article-title":"Myelin Oligodendrocyte Glycoprotein Antibodies in Neurological Disease","volume":"15","author":"Reindl","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2019.2940","article-title":"Serial Anti\u2013Myelin Oligodendrocyte Glycoprotein Antibody Analyses and Outcomes in Children With Demyelinating Syndromes","volume":"77","author":"Waters","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA Neurol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ambrosius, W., Michalak, S., Kozubski, W., and Kalinowska, A. (2020). Myelin Oligodendrocyte Glycoprotein Antibody-Associated Disease: Current Insights into the Disease Pathophysiology, Diagnosis and Management. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22010100"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"474","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000000101","article-title":"Distinction between MOG Antibody-Positive and AQP4 Antibody-Positive NMO Spectrum Disorders","volume":"82","author":"Sato","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1355","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2018.1814","article-title":"Association of MOG-IgG Serostatus With Relapse After Acute Disseminated Encephalomyelitis and Proposed Diagnostic Criteria for MOG-IgG\u2013Associated Disorders","volume":"75","author":"Majed","year":"2018","journal-title":"JAMA Neurol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"937","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(72)91499-7","article-title":"Herpes-Simplex Virus as Cause of Bell\u2019s Palsy","volume":"299","author":"McCormick","year":"1972","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2329048X2094244","DOI":"10.1177\/2329048X20942442","article-title":"Postinfectious Acute Disseminated Encephalomyelitis Associated With Antimyelin Oligodendrocyte Glycoprotein Antibody","volume":"7","author":"Sato","year":"2020","journal-title":"Child Neurol. Open"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nakamura, Y., Nakajima, H., Tani, H., Hosokawa, T., Ishida, S., Kimura, F., Kaneko, K., Takahashi, T., and Nakashima, I. (2017). Anti-MOG Antibody-Positive ADEM Following Infectious Mononucleosis Due to a Primary EBV Infection: A Case Report. BMC Neurol., 17.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12883-017-0858-6"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1118","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2013.12.122","article-title":"Cross-Reactivity between Human Cytomegalovirus Peptide 981-1003 and Myelin Oligodendroglia Glycoprotein Peptide 35-55 in Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis in Lewis Rats","volume":"443","author":"Zheng","year":"2014","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"996","DOI":"10.1177\/0883073817724927","article-title":"Postinfectious Anti\u2013Myelin Oligodendrocyte Glycoprotein Antibody Positive Optic Neuritis and Myelitis","volume":"32","author":"Vieira","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Child Neurol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2007.06.017","article-title":"Anti-Galactocerebroside Testing in Mycoplasma Pneumoniae-Associated Encephalitis","volume":"189","author":"Christie","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Neuroimmunol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Briani, C., Ferrari, S., Campagnolo, M., Tagliapietra, M., Castellani, F., Salvalaggio, A., Mariotto, S., Visentin, A., and Cavallaro, T. (2021). Mechanisms of Nerve Damage in Neuropathies Associated with Hematological Diseases: Lesson from Nerve Biopsies. Brain Sci., 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci11020132"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"502","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.410330514","article-title":"Experimental Paraprotein Neuropathy, Demyelination by Passive Transfer of Human IgM Anti-Myelin-Associated Glycoprotein","volume":"33","author":"Tatum","year":"1993","journal-title":"Ann. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-444-52902-2.00011-4","article-title":"Antibody Testing in Peripheral Nerve Disorders","volume":"Volume 115","author":"Steck","year":"2013","journal-title":"Handbook of Clinical Neurology"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"316","DOI":"10.1017\/S0317167100001074","article-title":"Autoantibodies in Childhood Post-Varicella Acute Cerebellar Ataxia","volume":"27","author":"Adams","year":"2000","journal-title":"Can. J. Neurol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"686","DOI":"10.1186\/1742-2094-9-201","article-title":"Reduced Serum Concentrations of 25-Hydroxy Vitamin D in Children with Autism: Relation to Autoimmunity","volume":"9","author":"Mostafa","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Neuroinflamm."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"408","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.410440321","article-title":"Correlation between Cytomegalovirus Infection and IgM Anti-MAG\/SGPG Antibody-Associated Neuropathy","volume":"44","author":"Yuki","year":"1998","journal-title":"Ann. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"274","DOI":"10.1002\/1531-8249(200002)47:2<274::AID-ANA24>3.0.CO;2-F","article-title":"No Cytomegalovirus DNA in Sera from Patients with Anti-MAG\/SGPG Antibody\u2013Associated Neuropathy","volume":"47","author":"Irie","year":"2000","journal-title":"Ann. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1002\/1531-8249(199908)46:2<267::AID-ANA20>3.0.CO;2-M","article-title":"Cytomegalovirus Is Not Associated with IgM Anti\u2013Myelin-Associated Glycoprotein\/Sulphate-3-Glucuronyl Paragloboside Antibody\u2013Associated Neuropathy","volume":"46","author":"Lunn","year":"1999","journal-title":"Ann. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1186\/s42466-020-0053-x","article-title":"Antibody-Related Movement Disorders\u2014A Comprehensive Review of Phenotype-Autoantibody Correlations and a Guide to Testing","volume":"2","author":"Leypoldt","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neurol. Res. Pract."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"661","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejpn.2017.03.005","article-title":"Paraneoplastic Limbic Encephalitis with SOX1 and PCA2 Antibodies and Relapsing Neurological Symptoms in an Adolescent with Hodgkin Lymphoma","volume":"21","author":"Kunstreich","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur. J. Paediatr. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.58.2.225","article-title":"Cerebellar Ataxia With Anti\u2013Glutamic Acid Decarboxylase Antibodies: Study of 14 Patients","volume":"58","author":"Honnorat","year":"2001","journal-title":"Arch. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dade, M., Berzero, G., Izquierdo, C., Giry, M., Benazra, M., Delattre, J.-Y., Psimaras, D., and Alentorn, A. (2020). Neurological Syndromes Associated with Anti-GAD Antibodies. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21103701"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"358","DOI":"10.1684\/epd.2014.0666","article-title":"PET-Positive Extralimbic Presentation of Anti-Glutamic Acid Decarboxylase Antibody-Associated Encephalitis","volume":"16","author":"Kojima","year":"2014","journal-title":"Epileptic Dis."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.71.1.100","article-title":"Antibodies against Glutamic Acid Decarboxylase: Prevalence in Neurological Diseases","volume":"71","author":"Meinck","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6666117","DOI":"10.1155\/2021\/6666117","article-title":"Autoimmune Encephalitis in Tunisia: Report of a Pediatric Cohort","volume":"2021","author":"Douma","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Immunol. Res."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.2008.159483","article-title":"The PNS Euronetwork Cerebrospinal Fluid Study in Paraneoplastic Syndromes","volume":"81","author":"Psimaras","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1931","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.42.10.1931","article-title":"Paraneoplastic Cerebellar Degeneration. I. A Clinical Analysis of 55 Anti-Yo Antibody-Positive Patients","volume":"42","author":"Peterson","year":"1992","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1497","DOI":"10.1177\/1087054716643387","article-title":"Anti-Yo Antibodies in Children With ADHD: First Results About Serum Cytokines","volume":"24","author":"Donfrancesco","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Atten. Disord."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1715","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.22658","article-title":"Paraneoplastic Movement Disorders: Paraneoplastic Disorder","volume":"24","author":"Grant","year":"2009","journal-title":"Mov. Disord."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"470","DOI":"10.1097\/MPH.0000000000000486","article-title":"Cerebellar Degeneration as a Rare Paraneoplastic Syndrome in a Child With Hodgkin Lymphoma","volume":"38","author":"Avramova","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Pediatr. Hematol. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1831","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awh203","article-title":"Clinical Analysis of Anti-Ma2-Associated Encephalitis","volume":"127","author":"Dalmau","year":"2004","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.21050","article-title":"Paraneoplastic Anti-N-Methyl-D-Aspartate Receptor Encephalitis Associated with Ovarian Teratoma","volume":"61","author":"Dalmau","year":"2007","journal-title":"Ann. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e458","DOI":"10.1212\/NXI.0000000000000458","article-title":"Anti-NMDA Receptor Encephalitis and Nonencephalitic HSV-1 Infection","volume":"5","author":"Salovin","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neurol. Neuroimmunol. Neuroinflamm."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116576","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jns.2019.116576","article-title":"Antiganglioside Antibodies in Neurological Diseases","volume":"408","author":"Wanleenuwat","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-5728(99)00195-2","article-title":"Pathogenesis of Guillain\u2013Barr\u00e9 Syndrome","volume":"100","author":"Hughes","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Neuroimmunol."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2089","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000006574","article-title":"Racial Differences in Neuromyelitis Optica Spectrum Disorder","volume":"91","author":"Kim","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"500","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2796.2007.01794.x","article-title":"Neuromyelitis Optica Following CMV Primo-Infection","volume":"261","author":"Tran","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Intern. Med."}],"container-title":["Brain Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-3425\/12\/5\/584\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T23:04:20Z","timestamp":1760137460000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-3425\/12\/5\/584"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,29]]},"references-count":60,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,5]]}},"alternative-id":["brainsci12050584"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/brainsci12050584","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-3425"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-3425","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,29]]}}}