{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,8]],"date-time":"2026-07-08T20:08:59Z","timestamp":1783541339735,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":92,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,2]],"date-time":"2022-05-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1651449600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Fundaci\u00f3n Hospital Provincial de Castell\u00f3n","award":["CAF-22-008"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CAF-22-008"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Brain Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Sex differences are poorly studied within the field of mental health, even though there is evidence of disparities (with respect to brain anatomy, activation patterns, and neurochemistry, etc.) that can significantly influence the etiology and course of mental disorders. The objective of this work was to review sex differences in adolescents (aged 13\u201318 years) diagnosed with ADHD (according to the DSM-IV, DSM-IV-TR and DSM-5 criteria) in terms of substance use disorder (SUD), prevalence, pharmacological therapy and mental health. We searched three academic databases (PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus) and performed a narrative review of a total of 21 articles. The main conclusions of this research were (1) girls with ADHD are more at risk of substance use than boys, although there was no consensus on the prevalence of dual disorders; (2) girls are less frequently treated because of underdiagnosis and because they are more often inattentive and thereby show less disruptive behavior; (3) together with increased impairment in cognitive and executive functioning in girls, the aforementioned could be related to greater substance use and poorer functioning, especially in terms of more self-injurious behavior; and (4) early diagnosis and treatment of ADHD, especially in adolescent girls, is essential to prevent early substance use, the development of SUD, and suicidal behavior.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci12050590","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,2]],"date-time":"2022-05-02T07:08:58Z","timestamp":1651475338000},"page":"590","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":25,"title":["Sex Differences in Substance Use, Prevalence, Pharmacological Therapy, and Mental Health in Adolescents with Attention-Deficit\/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Francisca","family":"Castellano-Garc\u00eda","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"TXP Research Group, Universidad Cardenal Herrera-CEU, CEU Universities, 12006 Castellon, Spain"},{"name":"Department of Education Sciences, CEU Cardenal Herrera University, 12006 Castellon, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0785-3570","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana","family":"Benito","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"TXP Research Group, Universidad Cardenal Herrera-CEU, CEU Universities, 12006 Castellon, Spain"},{"name":"Torrente Mental Health Unit, Hospital General de Valencia, 46900 Torrente, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9001-518X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Antonio","family":"Jovani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"TXP Research Group, Universidad Cardenal Herrera-CEU, CEU Universities, 12006 Castellon, Spain"},{"name":"Department of Mental Health, Consorcio Hospitalario Provincial de Castellon, 12002 Castellon, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5410-8701","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alejandro","family":"Fuertes-S\u00e1iz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"TXP Research Group, Universidad Cardenal Herrera-CEU, CEU Universities, 12006 Castellon, Spain"},{"name":"Psychiatry Service, Hospital La Salud Valencia, 46021 Valencia, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mar\u00eda Isabel","family":"Mar\u00ed-Sanmill\u00e1n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"TXP Research Group, Universidad Cardenal Herrera-CEU, CEU Universities, 12006 Castellon, Spain"},{"name":"Department of Education Sciences, CEU Cardenal Herrera University, 12006 Castellon, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1299-9611","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gonzalo","family":"Haro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"TXP Research Group, Universidad Cardenal Herrera-CEU, CEU Universities, 12006 Castellon, Spain"},{"name":"Department of Mental Health, Consorcio Hospitalario Provincial de Castellon, 12002 Castellon, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"513","DOI":"10.3109\/09540261.2010.516427","article-title":"Gender disadvantage and common mental disorders in women","volume":"22","author":"Chandra","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int. 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