{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,2]],"date-time":"2025-11-02T02:11:32Z","timestamp":1762049492011,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":69,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,9]],"date-time":"2022-05-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1652054400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Brain Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: There are a number of medications prescribed to address comorbid challenging behaviors in children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD), including risperidone and aripiprazole. This retrospective case series reports the use of these drugs in children aged 2 to 13 years. Methodology: A total of 82 children (mean age, 5 years; 79% male) with ASD treated at the Kids Neuro Clinic and Rehab Center in Dubai between January 2020 and September 2021 were included in this retrospective case series. All patients had comorbid challenging behaviors that were resistant to standard supportive therapies alone and warranted pharmacological intervention. The Childhood Autism Rating Scale\u20142nd Edition Standard form (CARS2-ST) and the Clinical Global Impression (CGI)\u2014Severity (CGI-S) and CGI\u2014Improvement (CGI-I) scales were used to assess the severity of ASD at baseline and to monitor response to treatment with risperidone or aripiprazole. Results: Besides the expected improvement in comorbid challenging behaviors, 79\/82 patients (96%) attained a CGI-I score of 2 or 1 following treatment, and 35\/82 patients (43%) achieved both a CGI-I score of 1 and minimal-to-no symptoms as per the CARS2-ST test, with complete resolution of their ASD signs and symptoms. The differences in the overall mean CARS2-ST and CGI-S scores pre- and post-treatment were statistically significant (Z = \u22127.86, p &lt; 0.0001 for both), with pre- and post-treatment mean values of 42 and 23 for CARS2-ST, respectively, and 6 and 2 for CGI-S, respectively. The main side effects were asymptomatic elevated prolactin (n = 12) and excessive weight gain (n = 2). Conclusions: ASD core symptoms and comorbid behaviors in young children improved following chronic treatment with antipsychotic medications, either with or without medications for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, when combined with standard supportive therapies. Double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trials are needed to verify these findings.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci12050618","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,9]],"date-time":"2022-05-09T21:23:27Z","timestamp":1652131407000},"page":"618","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Core Signs and Symptoms in Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder Improved after Starting Risperidone and Aripiprazole in Combination with Standard Supportive Therapies: A Large, Single-Center, Retrospective Case Series"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3646-7599","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hamza A.","family":"Alsayouf","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Kids Neuro Clinic and Rehab Center, Dubai Healthcare City, Al Razi Medical Complex, Dubai 1015, United Arab Emirates"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Haitham","family":"Talo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kids Neuro Clinic and Rehab Center, Dubai Healthcare City, Al Razi Medical Complex, Dubai 1015, United Arab Emirates"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5086-012X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marisa L.","family":"Biddappa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kids Neuro Clinic and Rehab Center, Dubai Healthcare City, Al Razi Medical Complex, Dubai 1015, United Arab Emirates"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"American Psychiatric Association (2013). DSM-5 Task Force. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders: DSM-5, American Psychiatric Association. [5th ed.].","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.books.9780890425596"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S60","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2014-3667E","article-title":"Early Intervention for Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder Under 3 Years of Age: Recommendations for Practice and Research","volume":"136","author":"Zwaigenbaum","year":"2015","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e20192314","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2019-2314","article-title":"Primary Care Autism Screening and Later Autism Diagnosis","volume":"146","author":"Carbone","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2013.11.002","article-title":"Cognitive, language, social and behavioural outcomes in adults with autism spectrum disorders: A systematic review of longitudinal follow-up studies in adulthood","volume":"34","author":"Magiati","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin. Psychol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-008-0599-x","article-title":"Age-Related Differences in Restricted Repetitive Behaviors in Autism Spectrum Disorders","volume":"39","author":"Esbensen","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Autism Dev. Disord."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1002\/aur.2004","article-title":"Autism spectrum disorder symptoms from ages 2 to 19 years: Implications for diagnosing adolescents and young adults","volume":"12","author":"Bal","year":"2018","journal-title":"Autism Res."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1007\/s00787-002-0279-x","article-title":"Repetitive behaviors in autistic disorder","volume":"11","author":"Militerni","year":"2002","journal-title":"Eur. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100827","DOI":"10.1016\/j.spen.2020.100827","article-title":"Early Autism Diagnosis in the Primary Care Setting","volume":"35","author":"James","year":"2020","journal-title":"Semin. Pediatr. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1097\/WCO.0000000000000542","article-title":"Clinical trials in autism spectrum disorder: Evidence, challenges and future directions","volume":"31","author":"Anagnostou","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2013.10.013","article-title":"Practice Parameter for the Assessment and Treatment of Children and Adolescents with Autism Spectrum Disorder","volume":"53","author":"Volkmar","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Am. Acad. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_11","first-page":"1","article-title":"Autism spectrum disorder","volume":"6","author":"Lord","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Dis. Prim."},{"key":"ref_12","unstructured":"Food and Drug Administration (2021, August 25). Approval for Risperdal (Risperidone) in the Treatment of Irritability Associated with Autistic Disorder, Available online: https:\/\/www.accessdata.fda.gov\/drugsatfda_docs\/nda\/2006\/020272Orig1s036,s041,020588Orig1s024,s028,s029,21444Orig1s008,s015.pdf."},{"key":"ref_13","unstructured":"Bristol Myers Squibb (2021, August 26). U.S. Food and Drug Administration Approves ABILIFY\u00ae (Aripiprazole) for the Treatment of Irritability Associated with Autistic Disorder in Pediatric Patients (Ages 6 to 17 Years). Available online: https:\/\/news.bms.com\/news\/details\/2009\/US-Food-and-Drug-Administration-Approves-ABILIFY-aripiprazole-fortheTreatment-of-Irritability-Associated-with-Autistic-Disorder-in-Pediatric-Patients-Ages-6-to-17-Years\/default.aspx."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1023","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-013-3068-y","article-title":"Atypical antipsychotics in the treatment of children and adolescents with pervasive developmental disorders","volume":"231","author":"Politte","year":"2013","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology"},{"key":"ref_15","first-page":"CD011144","article-title":"Methylphenidate for children and adolescents with autism spectrum disorder","volume":"2017","author":"Sturman","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst. Rev."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1089\/cap.2012.0096","article-title":"Effects of Extended Release Methylphenidate Treatment on Ratings of Attention-Deficit\/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) and Associated Behavior in Children with Autism Spectrum Disorders and ADHD Symptoms","volume":"23","author":"Pearson","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Child Adolesc. Psychopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-008-0636-9","article-title":"Positive Effects of Methylphenidate on Social Communication and Self-Regulation in Children with Pervasive Developmental Disorders and Hyperactivity","volume":"39","author":"Jahromi","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Autism Dev. Disord."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"575","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2214.2006.00631.x","article-title":"Impact of comorbid autism spectrum disorders on stimulant response in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: A retrospective and prospective effectiveness study","volume":"32","author":"Santosh","year":"2006","journal-title":"Child Care Health Dev."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"905","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2015.08.013","article-title":"Atomoxetine, Parent Training, and Their Combination in Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder and Attention-Deficit\/Hyperactivity Disorder","volume":"54","author":"Handen","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Am. Acad. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1089\/cap.2012.0012","article-title":"Long-Term Treatment with Atomoxetine for Attention-Deficit\/Hyperactivity Disorder Symptoms in Children and Adolescents with Autism Spectrum Disorder: An Open-Label Extension Study","volume":"23","author":"Harfterkamp","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Child Adolesc. Psychopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1089\/cap.2016.0124","article-title":"A Systematic Review of the Use of Bupropion for Attention-Deficit\/Hyperactivity Disorder in Children and Adolescents","volume":"27","author":"Ng","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Child Adolesc. Psychopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_22","first-page":"28","article-title":"The clinical global impressions scale: Applying a research tool in clinical practice","volume":"4","author":"Busner","year":"2007","journal-title":"Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3361","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-016-2860-z","article-title":"The Relationship Between the Childhood Autism Rating Scale: Second Edition and Clinical Diagnosis Utilizing the DSM-IV-TR and the DSM-5","volume":"46","author":"Dawkins","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Autism Dev. Disord."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.4103\/1817-1745.139266","article-title":"Clinical characteristics and outcome of children with electrical status epilepticus during slow wave sleep","volume":"9","author":"Yilmaz","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Pediatr. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pediatrneurol.2008.02.007","article-title":"Clinical Characteristics of 10 Patients with Continuous Spikes and Waves During Slow Sleep Syndrome","volume":"38","author":"Incecik","year":"2008","journal-title":"Pediatr. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"444","DOI":"10.1093\/pch\/pxz117","article-title":"Standards of diagnostic assessment for autism spectrum disorder","volume":"24","author":"Brian","year":"2019","journal-title":"Paediatr. Child Heal."},{"key":"ref_27","unstructured":"Nachshen, J., Garcin, N., Moxness, K., Tremblay, Y., Hutchinson, P., Lachance, A., and Ruttle, P.L. (2008). Screening, Assessment, and Diagnosis of Autism Spectrum Disorders in Young Children: Canadian Best Practice Guidelines, Miriam Foundation."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e20193447","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2019-3447","article-title":"Identification, Evaluation, and Management of Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder","volume":"145","author":"Hyman","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"ref_29","unstructured":"Schopler, E., Van Bourgondien, M.E., Wellman, G.J., and Love, S.R. (2010). Childhood Autism Rating Scale, Western Psychological Services. [2nd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_30","unstructured":"CAR Autism Roadmap (2021, August 25). CAR Autism Roadmap. Childhood Autism Rating Scale, 2nd Edition (CARS2). Available online: https:\/\/carautismroadmap.org\/childhood-autism-rating-scale\/?msclkid=c7fa8150c69111ecb597d229ef851f65."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2779","DOI":"10.2147\/NDT.S277294","article-title":"Pharmacological Intervention in Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder with Standard Supportive Therapies Significantly Improves Core Signs and Symptoms: A Single-Center, Retrospective Case Series","volume":"16","author":"Alsayouf","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neuropsychiatr. Dis. Treat."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alsayouf, H., Talo, H., Biddappa, M., and Reyes, E.D.L. (2021). Risperidone or Aripiprazole Can Resolve Autism Core Signs and Symptoms in Young Children: Case Study. Children, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/children8050318"},{"key":"ref_33","first-page":"110","article-title":"Clonidine as a Treatment of Behavioural Disturbances in Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Systematic Literature Review","volume":"29","author":"Banas","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Can. Acad. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"322","DOI":"10.1097\/00004714-199210000-00005","article-title":"Clonidine treatment of hyperactive and impulsive children with autistic disorder","volume":"12","author":"Jaselskis","year":"1992","journal-title":"J. Clin. Psychopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_35","first-page":"77","article-title":"A double-blind, placebo-controlled study of the efficacy of transdermal clonidine in autism","volume":"53","author":"Fankhauser","year":"1992","journal-title":"J. Clin. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1177\/0091217416636600","article-title":"Treatment options for the management of pervasive developmental disorders","volume":"51","author":"Nash","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Psychiatry Med."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"705","DOI":"10.1089\/cap.2019.0001","article-title":"Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitor Monotherapy for Anxiety Disorders in Children and Adolescents with Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Chart Review","volume":"29","author":"Thorkelson","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Child Adolesc. Psychopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3215","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-014-2184-9","article-title":"A Systematic Review of Treatments for Anxiety in Youth with Autism Spectrum Disorders","volume":"44","author":"Vasa","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Autism Dev. Disord."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"American Diabetes Association, American Psychiatric Association, American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists, and North American Association for the Study of Obesity (2004). Consensus development conference on antipsychotic drugs and obesity and diabetes. Diabetes Care, 27, 596\u2013601.","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.27.2.596"},{"key":"ref_40","first-page":"575","article-title":"Management recommendations for metabolic complications associated with second-generation antipsychotic use in children and youth","volume":"16","author":"Ho","year":"2011","journal-title":"Paediatr. Child Health"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.7150\/ijms.10453","article-title":"Antipsychotics-Associated Serious Adverse Events in Children: An Analysis of the FAERS Database","volume":"12","author":"Kimura","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1089\/cap.2008.0120","article-title":"Antipsychotic Medication in Children and Adolescents: A Descriptive Review of the Effects on Prolactin Level and Associated Side Effects","volume":"19","author":"Roke","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Child Adolesc. Psychopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2291","DOI":"10.2165\/00003495-200464200-00003","article-title":"Antipsychotic-Induced Hyperprolactinaemia","volume":"64","author":"Haddad","year":"2004","journal-title":"Drugs"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1765","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2009.1549","article-title":"Cardiometabolic risk of second-generation antipsychotic medications during first-time use in children and adolescents","volume":"302","author":"Correll","year":"2009","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2014.10.002","article-title":"Corrected QT Changes During Antipsychotic Treatment of Children and Adolescents: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Clinical Trials","volume":"54","author":"Jensen","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Am. Acad. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"577","DOI":"10.1007\/s00787-013-0413-y","article-title":"Mandatory electrocardiographic monitoring in young patients treated with psychoactive drugs","volume":"22","author":"Rizzo","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"863","DOI":"10.1111\/cns.13036","article-title":"Current behavioral assessments of movement disorders in children","volume":"24","author":"Asakawa","year":"2018","journal-title":"CNS Neurosci. Ther."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1089\/cap.1999.9.273","article-title":"Risperidone in the Treatment of Two Very Young Children with Autism","volume":"9","author":"Posey","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Child Adolesc. Psychopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1177\/088307380101600602","article-title":"Risperidone Monotherapy in Preschool Children with Pervasive Developmental Disorders","volume":"16","author":"Masi","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Child Neurol."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1206","DOI":"10.1097\/00004583-200110000-00015","article-title":"Open Trial of Risperidone in 24 Young Children with Pervasive Developmental Disorders","volume":"40","author":"Masi","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Am. Acad. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_51","first-page":"S784","article-title":"Risperidone in the treatment of autistic Thai children under 4 years of age","volume":"85","author":"Tarugsa","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Med. Assoc. Thai."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1016\/S0011-393X(02)80009-1","article-title":"An open-label trial of risperidone in children with autism","volume":"63","author":"Diler","year":"2002","journal-title":"Curr. Ther. Res."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1039","DOI":"10.4088\/JCP.v64n0909","article-title":"A 3-Year Naturalistic Study of 53 Preschool Children with Pervasive Developmental Disorders Treated with Risperidone","volume":"64","author":"Masi","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Clin. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"582","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpp.12008","article-title":"Early diagnosis of autism spectrum disorder: Stability and change in clinical diagnosis and symptom presentation","volume":"54","author":"Guthrie","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Child Psychol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"450","DOI":"10.1177\/08830738060210060801","article-title":"Risperidone in Children with Autism: Randomized, Placebo-Controlled, Double-Blind Study","volume":"21","author":"Nagaraj","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Child Neurol."},{"key":"ref_56","first-page":"33","article-title":"A Comparison of Risperidone and Buspirone for Treatment of Behavior Disorders in Children with Phenylketonuria","volume":"8","author":"Fayyazi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Iran J. Child Neurol."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-006-0234-7","article-title":"Risperidone Improves Behavioral Symptoms in Children with Autism in a Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial","volume":"37","author":"Pandina","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Autism Dev. Disord."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1089\/cap.2007.0133","article-title":"Cognitive Effects of Risperidone in Children with Autism and Irritable Behavior","volume":"18","author":"Aman","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Child Adolesc. Psychopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e634","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2003-0264-F","article-title":"Risperidone in the Treatment of Disruptive Behavioral Symptoms in Children with Autistic and Other Pervasive Developmental Disorders","volume":"114","author":"Shea","year":"2004","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"796","DOI":"10.1007\/s10578-016-0704-x","article-title":"Aripiprazole in the Treatment of Irritability in Children and Adolescents with Autism Spectrum Disorder in Japan: A Randomized, Double-blind, Placebo-controlled Study","volume":"48","author":"Ichikawa","year":"2016","journal-title":"Child Psychiatry Hum. Dev."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1110","DOI":"10.1097\/CHI.0b013e3181b76658","article-title":"A Placebo-Controlled, Fixed-Dose Study of Aripiprazole in Children and Adolescents with Irritability Associated with Autistic Disorder","volume":"48","author":"Marcus","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Am. Acad. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.4088\/JCP.13m08500","article-title":"A Randomized Controlled Trial Investigating the Safety and Efficacy of Aripiprazole in the Long-Term Maintenance Treatment of Pediatric Patients with Irritability Associated with Autistic Disorder","volume":"75","author":"Findling","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Clin. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"473","DOI":"10.1007\/s40272-020-00408-0","article-title":"Recent Advances in the Pharmacological Management of Behavioral Disturbances Associated with Autism Spectrum Disorder in Children and Adolescents","volume":"22","author":"Lamy","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pediatr. Drugs"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1773","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-012-1723-5","article-title":"Risperidone Dosing in Children and Adolescents with Autistic Disorder: A Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Study","volume":"43","author":"Kent","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Autism Dev. Disord."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1533","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2008-3782","article-title":"Aripiprazole in the Treatment of Irritability in Children and Adolescents with Autistic Disorder","volume":"124","author":"Owen","year":"2009","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1142","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.162.6.1142","article-title":"Risperidone for the Core Symptom Domains of Autism: Results From the Study by the Autism Network of the Research Units on Pediatric Psychopharmacology","volume":"162","author":"McDougle","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"633","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.55.7.633","article-title":"A Double-blind, Placebo-Controlled Study of Risperidone in Adults with Autistic Disorder and Other Pervasive Developmental Disorders","volume":"55","author":"McDougle","year":"1998","journal-title":"Arch. Gen. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2020.00152","article-title":"Safety and Tolerability of Antipsychotic Drugs in Pediatric Patients: Data From a 1-Year Naturalistic Study","volume":"11","author":"Cicala","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1069","DOI":"10.1111\/bcp.14465","article-title":"Risperidone plasma concentrations are associated with side effects and effectiveness in children and adolescents with autism spectrum disorder","volume":"87","author":"Kloosterboer","year":"2020","journal-title":"Br. J. Clin. Pharmacol."}],"container-title":["Brain Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-3425\/12\/5\/618\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T23:08:23Z","timestamp":1760137703000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-3425\/12\/5\/618"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,9]]},"references-count":69,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,5]]}},"alternative-id":["brainsci12050618"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/brainsci12050618","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-3425"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2076-3425"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,9]]}}}