{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T23:16:01Z","timestamp":1782947761946,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,21]],"date-time":"2022-05-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1653091200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"LOEWE Center for Personalized Translational Epilepsy Research (CePTER), Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany"},{"name":"Hessen State Ministry for Higher Education, Research and the Arts (HMWK)"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Brain Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Inflammation, particularly cytokine release, contributes to epileptogenesis by influencing the cerebral tissue remodeling and neuronal excitability that occurs after a precipitating epileptogenic insult. While several cytokines have been explored in this process, release kinetics are less well investigated. Determining the time course of cytokine release in the epileptogenic zone is necessary for precisely timed preventive or therapeutic anti-inflammatory interventions. Methods: Hippocampal extracellular levels of six cytokines and chemokines (IL-1\u03b2, IL-6, IL-10, CCL2, CCL3, and CCL5) were quantified at various time points during epileptogenesis in a rat model of mesial temporal lobe epilepsy with hippocampal sclerosis (mTLE-HS) using microdialysis (MD). Results: The analysis of microdialysates demonstrated consistent elevation at all time points during epileptogenesis for IL-1\u03b2 and IL-10. IL-10 release was maximal on day 1, IL-1\u03b2 release peaked at day 8. No correlation between local hippocampal IL-1\u03b2 concentrations and IL-1\u03b2 blood levels was found. Conclusion: The release kinetics of IL-1\u03b2 are consistent with its established pro-epileptogenic properties, while the kinetics of IL-10 suggest a counter-regulatory effect. This proof-of-concept study demonstrates the feasibility of intraindividual longitudinal monitoring of hippocampal molecular inflammatory processes via repetitive MD over several weeks and sheds light on the kinetics of hippocampal cytokine release during epileptogenesis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci12050677","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,21]],"date-time":"2022-05-21T09:18:08Z","timestamp":1653124688000},"page":"677","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Hippocampal Cytokine Release in Experimental Epileptogenesis\u2014A Longitudinal In Vivo Microdialysis Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3827-4245","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kai","family":"Siebenbrodt","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Epilepsy Center Frankfurt Rhine-Main, Department of Neurology, University Hospital Frankfurt and LOEWE Center for Personalized Translational Epilepsy Research (CePTER), Goethe-University Frankfurt, 60528 Frankfurt am Main, Germany"},{"name":"Department of Neurology, Philipps University, 35037 Marburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vanessa","family":"Sch\u00fctz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Epilepsy Center Frankfurt Rhine-Main, Department of Neurology, University Hospital Frankfurt and LOEWE Center for Personalized Translational Epilepsy Research (CePTER), Goethe-University Frankfurt, 60528 Frankfurt am Main, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9717-6616","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lara S.","family":"Costard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Philipps University, 35037 Marburg, Germany"},{"name":"Tissue Engineering Research Group, RCSI Department of Anatomy and Regenerative Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, D02 YN77 Dublin, Ireland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Valentin","family":"Neubert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Philipps University, 35037 Marburg, Germany"},{"name":"Oscar-Langendorff-Institute of Physiology, Rostock University Medical Center, 18057 Rostock, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel","family":"Alvarez-Fischer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Neurogenetics, University of L\u00fcbeck, 23538 L\u00fcbeck, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kerstin","family":"Seidel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Lung Research, Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center, Philipps-University Marburg, 35037 Marburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2767-3606","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bernd","family":"Schmeck","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Lung Research, Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center, Philipps-University Marburg, 35037 Marburg, Germany"},{"name":"German Centers for Lung Research (DZL) and for Infectious Disease Research (DZIF), SYNMIKRO Centre for Synthetic Microbiology, Philipps-University Marburg, 35037 Marburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sven G.","family":"Meuth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University D\u00fcsseldorf, 40225 D\u00fcsseldorf, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Felix","family":"Rosenow","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Epilepsy Center Frankfurt Rhine-Main, Department of Neurology, University Hospital Frankfurt and LOEWE Center for Personalized Translational Epilepsy Research (CePTER), Goethe-University Frankfurt, 60528 Frankfurt am Main, Germany"},{"name":"Department of Neurology, Philipps University, 35037 Marburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7571-8496","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sebastian","family":"Bauer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Epilepsy Center Frankfurt Rhine-Main, Department of Neurology, University Hospital Frankfurt and LOEWE Center for Personalized Translational Epilepsy Research (CePTER), Goethe-University Frankfurt, 60528 Frankfurt am Main, Germany"},{"name":"Department of Neurology, Philipps University, 35037 Marburg, 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