{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]],"date-time":"2026-09-21T16:15:06Z","timestamp":1790007306433,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":87,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,6]],"date-time":"2022-06-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1654473600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Open Access Funding by the University of Graz"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Brain Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In recent years, evidence has been provided that individuals with dyslexia show alterations in the anatomy and function of the auditory cortex. Dyslexia is considered to be a learning disability that affects the development of music and language capacity. We set out to test adolescents and young adults with dyslexia and controls (N = 52) for their neurophysiological differences by investigating the auditory evoked P1\u2013N1\u2013P2 complex. In addition, we assessed their ability in Mandarin, in singing, their musical talent and their individual differences in elementary auditory skills. A discriminant analysis of magnetencephalography (MEG) revealed that individuals with dyslexia showed prolonged latencies in P1, N1, and P2 responses. A correlational analysis between MEG and behavioral variables revealed that Mandarin syllable tone recognition, singing ability and musical aptitude (AMMA) correlated with P1, N1, and P2 latencies, respectively, while Mandarin pronunciation was only associated with N1 latency. The main findings of this study indicate that the earlier P1, N1, and P2 latencies, the better is the singing, the musical aptitude, and the ability to link Mandarin syllable tones to their corresponding syllables. We suggest that this study provides additional evidence that dyslexia can be understood as an auditory and sensory processing deficit.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci12060744","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,6]],"date-time":"2022-06-06T10:08:24Z","timestamp":1654510104000},"page":"744","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["Examining Individual Differences in Singing, Musical and Tone Language Ability in Adolescents and Young Adults with Dyslexia"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3875-7191","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Markus","family":"Christiner","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Systematic Musicology, Faculty of Arts and Humanities, University of Graz, Glacisstra\u00dfe 27, 8010 Graz, Austria"},{"name":"Jazeps Vitols Latvian Academy of Music, K. Barona Street 1, LV-1050 Riga, Latvia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1301-7798","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bettina L.","family":"Serrallach","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neuroradiology and Section of Biomagnetism, University of Heidelberg Medical School, University of Heidelberg, INF 400, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany"},{"name":"Edward B. Singleton Department of Radiology, Texas Children\u2019s Hospital and Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2773-0180","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jan","family":"Benner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neuroradiology and Section of Biomagnetism, University of Heidelberg Medical School, University of Heidelberg, INF 400, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6845-2773","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Valdis","family":"Bernhofs","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jazeps Vitols Latvian Academy of Music, K. Barona Street 1, LV-1050 Riga, Latvia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter","family":"Schneider","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Systematic Musicology, Faculty of Arts and Humanities, University of Graz, Glacisstra\u00dfe 27, 8010 Graz, Austria"},{"name":"Jazeps Vitols Latvian Academy of Music, K. Barona Street 1, LV-1050 Riga, Latvia"},{"name":"Department of Neuroradiology and Section of Biomagnetism, University of Heidelberg Medical School, University of Heidelberg, INF 400, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julia","family":"Renner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of East Asian Studies, University of Vienna, Sensengasse 3a, 1090 Vienna, Austria"},{"name":"Department of Linguistics, University of Vienna, Sensengasse 3a, 1090 Vienna, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sabine","family":"Sommer-Lolei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Austrian Academy of Sciences, Doktor-Ignaz Seipel-Platz 2, 1010 Vienna, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0506-7963","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christine","family":"Gro\u00df","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jazeps Vitols Latvian Academy of Music, K. Barona Street 1, LV-1050 Riga, Latvia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"942","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.2007.164.6.942","article-title":"The worldwide prevalence of ADHD: A systematic review and metaregression analysis","volume":"164","author":"Polanczyk","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1542\/pir.24-5-147","article-title":"Dyslexia (specific reading disability)","volume":"24","author":"Shaywitz","year":"2003","journal-title":"Pediatrics Rev."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10937","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.5315-13.2014","article-title":"Size and synchronization of auditory cortex promotes musical, literacy, and attentional skills in children","volume":"34","author":"Parncutt","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. 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