{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,10]],"date-time":"2026-06-10T17:55:27Z","timestamp":1781114127875,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":61,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,11]],"date-time":"2022-06-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1654905600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Republic of Poland","award":["550"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["550"]}]},{"name":"Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Republic of Poland","award":["500"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["500"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Brain Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Neuropeptide S (NPS) is a factor associated with the central regulation of body weight, stress, anxiety, learning, memory consolidation, wakefulness\u2013sleep cycle, and anti-inflammatory and neuroplastic effects. Its stress-reducing, anti-anxiety, arousal without anxiety, and pro-cognitive effects represent an interesting option for the treatment of neuropsychiatric disorders. The purpose of the study was to examine the potential associations of NPS levels in the blood with clinical and metabolic parameters during the rehabilitation therapy of patients with schizophrenia. Thirty-three male subjects diagnosed with schizophrenia were randomly divided into two groups. The rehabilitation group (REH, N16) consisted of patients who were subjected to structured, 3-month intensive rehabilitation therapy, and the control group (CON, N17) consisted of patients who were subjected to a standard support mechanism. Both groups continued their pharmacological treatment as usual. The NPS concentration, as well as clinical and metabolic parameters, were compared in both groups. Additionally, a group of healthy (H) males (N15) was tested for NPS reference scores. To look for the specificity and selectivity of the NPS relationship with clinical results, various factor models of the positive and negative syndrome scale (PANSS) were analyzed, including the original PANSS 2\/3 model, its modified four-factor version, the male-specific four-factor model, and two five-factorial models validated in large groups in clinical and multi-ethnic studies. Results and conclusions: (1) Structured rehabilitation therapy, compared to unstructured supportive therapy, significantly reduced the level of schizophrenia disorders defined by various factor models derived from PANSS. (2) The clinical improvement within the 3-month rehabilitation therapy course was correlated with a significant decrease in neuropeptide S (NPS) serum level. (3) The excitement\/Hostility (E\/H) factor, which included schizophrenic symptoms of the psychotic disorganization, was specific and selective for the reduction in serum NPS, which was stable across all analyzed factor models. (4) The long-term relationship between serum NPS and clinical factors was not accompanied by basic metabolic parameters.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci12060768","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,11]],"date-time":"2022-06-11T09:33:26Z","timestamp":1654940006000},"page":"768","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Relationship of Neuropeptide S with Clinical and Metabolic Parameters of Patients during Rehabilitation Therapy for Schizophrenia"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6266-0261","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Agnieszka","family":"Markiewicz-Gospodarek","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Human Anatomy, Medical University of Lublin, 20-090 Lublin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2115-9649","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Renata","family":"Markiewicz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Neurological and Psychiatric Nursing, Medical University of Lublin, 20-093 Lublin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9178-9534","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Beata","family":"Dobrowolska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Holistic Care and Management in Nursing, Medical University of Lublin, 20-081 Lublin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ryszard","family":"Maciejewski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Human Anatomy, Medical University of Lublin, 20-090 Lublin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bartosz","family":"\u0141oza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-091 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2004.08.005","article-title":"Neuropeptide S: A neuropeptide promoting arousal and anxiolytic-like effects","volume":"43","author":"Xu","year":"2004","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tobinski, A.M., and Rappeneau, V. (2021). Role of the Neuropeptide S System in Emotionality, Stress Responsiveness and Addiction-Like Behaviours in Rodents: Relevance to Stress-Related Disorders. Pharmaceuticals, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/ph14080780"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Holanda, V.A.D., Didonet, J.J., Costa, M.B.B., do Nascimento Rangel, A.H., da Silva, E.D., and Gavioli, E.C. (2021). Neuropeptide S Receptor as an Innovative Therapeutic Target for Parkinson Disease. Pharmaceuticals, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/ph14080775"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1867","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.22606","article-title":"Anatomical characterization of the neuropeptide S system in the mouse brain by in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry","volume":"519","author":"Clark","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Comp. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.3389\/fnana.2015.00126","article-title":"Neuropeptide S- and Neuropeptide S receptor-expressing neuron populations in the human pons","volume":"9","author":"Adori","year":"2015","journal-title":"Front. Neuroanat."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"872430","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2022.872430","article-title":"Can neuropeptide S be an indicator for assessing anxiety in psychiatric disorders?","volume":"10","author":"Kuszta","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1119","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2010.01.012","article-title":"Abnormal response to stress and impaired NPS-induced hyperlocomotion, anxiolytic effect and corticosterone increase in mice lacking NPSR1","volume":"35","author":"Zhu","year":"2010","journal-title":"Psychoneuroendocrinology"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108052","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2020.108052","article-title":"Amygdala, neuropeptides, and chronic pain-related affective behaviors","volume":"170","author":"Neugebauer","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neuropharmacology"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kushikata, T., Hirota, K., Saito, J., and Takekawa, D. (2021). Roles of Neuropeptide S in Anesthesia, Analgesia, and Sleep. Pharmaceuticals, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/ph14050483"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1016\/j.peptides.2016.05.005","article-title":"Intra-amygdala microinfusion of neuropeptide S attenuates neuropathic pain and suppresses the response of spinal microglia and astrocytes after spinal nerve ligation in rats","volume":"82","author":"Yang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Peptides"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"605","DOI":"10.1111\/adb.12149","article-title":"Neuropeptide S receptor gene variant and environment: Contribution to alcohol use disorders and alcohol consumption","volume":"20","author":"Laas","year":"2014","journal-title":"Addict. Biol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pneurobio.2012.09.005","article-title":"The role of the neuropeptide S system in addiction: Focus on its interaction with the CRF and hypocretin\/orexin neurotransmission","volume":"100","author":"Cannella","year":"2013","journal-title":"Prog. Neurobiol."},{"key":"ref_13","first-page":"G625","article-title":"Neuropeptide S inhibits gastrointestinal motility and increases mucosal permeability through nitric oxide","volume":"309","author":"Halim","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Liver Physiol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1129","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuro.2007.06.003","article-title":"Nicotine treatment regulates neuropeptide S system expression in the rat brain","volume":"28","author":"Lage","year":"2007","journal-title":"Neurotoxicology"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Botticelli, L., Micioni Di Bonaventura, E., Ubaldi, M., Ciccocioppo, R., Cifani, C., and Micioni Di Bonaventura, M.V. (2021). The Neural Network of Neuropeptide S (NPS): Implications in Food Intake and Gastrointestinal Functions. Pharmaceuticals, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/ph14040293"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ahmad, A., Almsned, F., Ghazal, P., Ahmed, M.W., Jafri, M.S., and Bokhari, H. (2020). Neuropeptide S receptor gene Asn107 polymorphism in obese male individuals in Pakistan. PLoS ONE, 15.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0243205"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2004.08.007","article-title":"Neuropeptide S: A novel activating anxiolytic?","volume":"43","author":"Koob","year":"2004","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2020.00128","article-title":"Corticosterone Treatment and Incubation Time After Contextual Fear Conditioning Synergistically Induce Fear Memory Generalization in Neuropeptide S Receptor-Deficient Mice","volume":"14","author":"Kolodziejczyk","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1590\/0101-60830000000163","article-title":"Relationship between panic disorder and plasma neuropeptide-S level","volume":"45","author":"Baykan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Arch. Clin. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1017\/S1461145711000678","article-title":"Neuropeptide S alters anxiety, but not depression-like behaviour in Flinders Sensitive Line rats: A genetic animal model of depression","volume":"15","author":"Wegener","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Neuropsychopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.3389\/fnbeh.2019.00138","article-title":"Neuropeptide S Ameliorates Cognitive Impairment of APP\/PS1 Transgenic Mice by Promoting Synaptic Plasticity and Reducing A\u03b2 Deposition","volume":"13","author":"Zhao","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Behav. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4089","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jmedchem.0c02223","article-title":"Structure-Activity Relationship Studies on Oxazolo [3,4-a] pyrazine Derivatives Leading to the Discovery of a Novel Neuropeptide S Receptor Antagonist with Potent In Vivo Activity","volume":"64","author":"Albanese","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1419","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-016-4513-5","article-title":"Neuropeptide systems and new treatments for nicotine addiction","volume":"234","author":"Bruijnzeel","year":"2017","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1205","DOI":"10.1017\/S1461145711001623","article-title":"The functional coding variant Asn107Ile of the neuropeptide S receptor gene (NPSR1) is associated with schizophrenia and modulates verbal memory and the acoustic startle response","volume":"15","author":"Lennertz","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Neuropsychopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1444","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2007.06.026","article-title":"Gender-specific association of a functional coding polymorphism in the Neuropeptide S receptor gene with panic disorder but not with schizophrenia or attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder","volume":"31","author":"Okamura","year":"2007","journal-title":"Prog. Neuro-Psychopharmacol. Biol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2009.06.027","article-title":"Neuropeptide S attenuates neuropathological, neurochemical, and behavioral changes induced by the NMDA receptor antagonist MK-801","volume":"58","author":"Okamura","year":"2010","journal-title":"Neuropharmacology"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"352","DOI":"10.1007\/s12031-015-0625-3","article-title":"Neuroleptics Affect Neuropeptide S and NPSR mRNA Levels in the Rat Brain","volume":"57","author":"Rojczyk","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Mol. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1017\/neu.2015.56","article-title":"Long-term treatment with haloperidol affects neuropeptide S and NPSR mRNA levels in the rat brain","volume":"28","author":"Rojczyk","year":"2016","journal-title":"Acta Neuropsychiatr."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"819","DOI":"10.12740\/PP\/OnlineFirst\/76040","article-title":"Can brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) be an indicator of effective rehabilitation interventions in schizophrenia?","volume":"52","author":"Markiewicz","year":"2018","journal-title":"Psychiatr. Pol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4488664","DOI":"10.1155\/2021\/4488664","article-title":"Improving Clinical, Cognitive, and Psychosocial Dysfunctions in Patients with Schizophrenia: A Neurofeedback Randomized Control Trial","volume":"2021","author":"Markiewicz","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neural Plast."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1016\/S0074-7742(06)78011-4","article-title":"Involvement of neuropeptide system in schizophrenia: Human studies","volume":"78","author":"Caceda","year":"2007","journal-title":"Int. Rev. Neurobiol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104315","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nbd.2018.10.022","article-title":"Neurobiology and treatment of social cognition in schizophrenia: Bridging the bed-bench gap","volume":"131","author":"Kimoto","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Dis."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schulz, K.F., Altman, D.G., Moher, D., and CONSORT Group (2010). CONSORT 2010 Statement: Updated guidelines for reporting parallel group randomised trials. BMC Med., 8.","DOI":"10.1186\/1741-7015-8-18"},{"key":"ref_34","unstructured":"ICD-10-DCR (1993). The ICD-10 Classification of Mental and Behavioral Disorders. Diagnostic Criteria for Research, WHO."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.3371\/CSRP.WAAN.070415","article-title":"Factor Structure of the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) Differs by Sex","volume":"11","author":"Antonius","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin. Schizophr. Relat. Psychoses"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Saha, S., Chant, D., Welham, J., and McGrath, J. (2005). A systematic review of the prevalence of schizophrenia. PLoS Med., 2.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.0020141"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"686","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2009.09060802","article-title":"International Consensus Study of Antipsychotic Dosing","volume":"167","author":"Gardner","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/13.2.261","article-title":"The positive and negative syndrome scale (PANSS) for schizophrenia","volume":"13","author":"Kay","year":"1987","journal-title":"Schizophr. Bull."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"537","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/16.3.537","article-title":"Pyramidical model of schizophrenia","volume":"16","author":"Kay","year":"1990","journal-title":"Schizophr. Bull."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2011.05.018","article-title":"Efficacy of iloperidone in schizophrenia: A PANSS five-factor analysis","volume":"131","author":"Citrome","year":"2011","journal-title":"Schizophr. Res."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102732","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajp.2021.102732","article-title":"Large-scale evaluation of the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) symptom architecture in schizophrenia","volume":"62","author":"Lim","year":"2021","journal-title":"Asian J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Markiewicz, R., and Dobrowolska, B. (2020). Cognitive and Social Rehabilitation in Schizophrenia\u2014From Neurophysiology to Neuromodulation. Pilot Study. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17114034"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8030485","DOI":"10.1155\/2021\/8030485","article-title":"Reinforcement of Self-Regulated Brain Activity in Schizophrenia Patients Undergoing Rehabilitation","volume":"2021","author":"Markiewicz","year":"2021","journal-title":"BioMed Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_44","unstructured":"Cohen, J. (1990). Statistical Power Analysis for the Behavioral Sciences, Taylor & Francis."},{"key":"ref_45","first-page":"53","article-title":"Plasma neuropeptide-S levels in population diagnosed with generalized anxiety disorder: A controlled study","volume":"56","author":"Baykan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Noropsikivatri Ars."},{"key":"ref_46","unstructured":"Kinalski, R. (2008). Neurofizjologia Kliniczna Dla Neurorehabilitacji, Wydawnictwo MedPharm."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1038\/s41537-020-00130-3","article-title":"Conceptual disorganization, and redistribution of resting-state cortical hubs in untreated first-episode psychosis: A 7T study","volume":"7","author":"Dey","year":"2021","journal-title":"NPJ Schizphrenia"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"486","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/sbx033","article-title":"Adolescent Stress as a Driving Factor for Schizophrenia Development\u2014A Basic Science Perspective","volume":"43","author":"Gomes","year":"2017","journal-title":"Schizophr. Bull."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"528","DOI":"10.1038\/s41398-021-01607-0","article-title":"Neuroinflammation in schizophrenia: The role of nuclear factor kappa B","volume":"11","author":"Murphy","year":"2021","journal-title":"Transl. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1373","DOI":"10.1126\/science.305.5689.1373c","article-title":"Arousal without anxiety. Editors\u2019 Choice","volume":"305","author":"Chin","year":"2004","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_51","first-page":"101883","article-title":"Spexin-expressing neurons in the magnocellular nuclei of the human hypothalamus","volume":"111","author":"Plewka","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Chem. Neuroanat."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1673","DOI":"10.1093\/hmg\/ddn058","article-title":"Biological and genetic interaction between tenascin C and neuropeptide S receptor 1 in allergic diseases","volume":"17","author":"Vendelin","year":"2008","journal-title":"Hum. Mol. Genet."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2011.02.009","article-title":"Intraventricular administration of neuropeptide S has reward-like effects","volume":"658","author":"Cao","year":"2011","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-clinpsy-032511-143134","article-title":"Cognitive interventions targeting brain plasticity in the prodromal and early phases of schizophrenia","volume":"9","author":"Fisher","year":"2013","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Clin. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100102","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbih.2020.100102","article-title":"Blood-brain barrier pathology in patients with severe mental disorders: A systematic review and meta-analysis of biomarkers in case-control studies","volume":"6","author":"Futtrup","year":"2020","journal-title":"Brain Behav. Immun. Health."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1323","DOI":"10.1038\/npp.2011.317","article-title":"Intranasally administered neuropeptide S (NPS) exerts anxiolytic effects following internalization into NPS receptor-expressing neurons","volume":"37","author":"Ionescu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.1016\/S2215-0366(14)00122-9","article-title":"Inflammation, and immunity in schizophrenia: Implications for pathophysiology and treatment","volume":"2","author":"Khandaker","year":"2015","journal-title":"Lancet Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1038\/s41398-020-01054-3","article-title":"Blood-brain barrier associated tight junction disruption is a hallmark feature of major psychiatric disorders","volume":"10","author":"Greene","year":"2020","journal-title":"Transl. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"274","DOI":"10.3389\/fncel.2020.00274","article-title":"The Inflamed Brain in Schizophrenia: The Convergence of Genetic and Environmental Risk Factors That Lead to Uncontrolled Neuroinflammation","volume":"14","author":"Comer","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Cell. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.4292\/wjgpt.v8.i1.26","article-title":"Psychotropic drugs, and liver disease: A critical review of pharmacokinetics and liver toxicity","volume":"8","author":"Barbosa","year":"2017","journal-title":"World J. Gastrointest. Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nani, J.V., Almeida, P., and Hayashi, A.F. (2022). Neuropeptides in psychiatric disorders. Encyclopedia of Behavioral Neuroscience, Elsevier Science Publishing Co Inc.. [2nd ed.].","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-819641-0.00091-8"}],"container-title":["Brain Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-3425\/12\/6\/768\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T23:28:10Z","timestamp":1760138890000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-3425\/12\/6\/768"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,11]]},"references-count":61,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,6]]}},"alternative-id":["brainsci12060768"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/brainsci12060768","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-3425"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-3425","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,11]]}}}