{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T02:57:02Z","timestamp":1760237822618,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,22]],"date-time":"2022-06-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1655856000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000025","name":"National Institute of Mental Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R21MH119642"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R21MH119642"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000025","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Brain Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Objective: Sleep and eating behaviors are disturbed during the premenstrual phase of the menstrual cycle in a significant number of reproductive-age women. Despite their impact on the development and control of chronic health conditions, these behaviors are poorly understood. In the present study, we sought to identify affective and psychological factors which associate with premenstrual changes in sleeping and eating behaviors and assess how they impact functionality. Methods: Fifty-seven women provided daily ratings of premenstrual symptomatology and functionality across two-three menstrual cycles (156 cycles total). For each participant and symptom, we subtracted the mean day +5 to +10 (\u201cpost-menstruum\u201d) ratings from mean day \u22126 to \u22121 (\u201cpre-menstruum\u201d) ratings and divided this value by participant- and symptom-specific variance. We completed the statistical analysis using multivariate linear regression. Results: Low interest was associated with a premenstrual increase in insomnia (p \u2264 0.05) and appetite\/eating (p \u2264 0.05). Furthermore, insomnia was associated with occupational (p \u2264 0.001), recreational (p \u2264 0.001), and relational (p \u2264 0.01) impairment. Conclusions: Results of the present analysis highlight the importance of apathy (i.e., low interest) on the expression of behavioral symptomatology, as well as premenstrual insomnia on impairment. These findings can inform treatment approaches, thereby improving care for patients suffering from premenstrual symptomatology linked to chronic disease conditions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci12070814","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,22]],"date-time":"2022-06-22T21:31:06Z","timestamp":1655933466000},"page":"814","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Behavioral Symptomatology in the Premenstruum"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Nhan","family":"Dang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dina","family":"Khalil","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health, Benedictine University, Lisle, IL 60532, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jiehuan","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Aamina","family":"Naveed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fatimata","family":"Soumare","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Robin","family":"Nusslock","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8975-5674","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ajna","family":"Hamidovic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Ransom, S.B. (2000). Premenstrual syndrome. Practical Strategies in Obstetrics and Gynecology, WB Saunders Company."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1017\/S0029665107005502","article-title":"Symposium on \u2018molecular mechanisms and psychology of food intake\u2019\u2014The psychology of food craving","volume":"66","author":"Hill","year":"2007","journal-title":"Proc. Nutr. Soc."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1016\/0195-6663(90)90023-2","article-title":"The phenomenology of food cravings","volume":"15","author":"Weingarten","year":"1990","journal-title":"Appetite"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1992","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.25.11.1992","article-title":"Psychological and behavioral correlates of baseline BMI in the diabetes prevention program (DPP)","volume":"25","author":"Delahanty","year":"2002","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1016\/S0195-6663(02)00145-9","article-title":"Relationship of gender and eating disorder symptoms to reported cravings for food: Construct validation of state and trait craving questionnaires in Spanish","volume":"40","author":"Fernandez","year":"2003","journal-title":"Appetite"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eatbeh.2010.11.005","article-title":"Eating disorder pathology and menstrual cycle fluctuations in eating variables in oral contraceptive users and non-users","volume":"12","author":"McVay","year":"2011","journal-title":"Eat. Behav."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1016\/0195-6663(91)90022-K","article-title":"Chocolate craving and liking","volume":"17","author":"Rozin","year":"1991","journal-title":"Appetite"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"300","DOI":"10.1001\/archgenpsychiatry.2011.1368","article-title":"Criteria for Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder Secondary Analyses of Relevant Data Sets","volume":"69","author":"Hartlage","year":"2012","journal-title":"Arch. Gen. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"801","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-3999(94)90068-X","article-title":"The experience of food craving\u2014A prospective investigation in healthy women","volume":"38","author":"Hill","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Psychosom. Res."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1016\/j.appet.2003.11.004","article-title":"Chocolate craving and the menstrual cycle","volume":"42","author":"Zellner","year":"2004","journal-title":"Appetite"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.110.010736","article-title":"Brain responses to food images during the early and late follicular phase of the menstrual cycle in healthy young women: Relation to fasting and feeding","volume":"94","author":"Ziemke","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3406","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2016-3921","article-title":"Is It Me or My Hormones? Neuroendocrine Activation Profiles to Visual Food Stimuli Across the Menstrual Cycle","volume":"102","author":"Bick","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2010.09.071","article-title":"Effect of menstrual cycle phase on corticolimbic brain activation by visual food cues","volume":"1363","author":"Frank","year":"2010","journal-title":"Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.1093\/humupd\/dmp051","article-title":"Brain imaging studies of appetite in the context of obesity and the menstrual cycle","volume":"16","year":"2010","journal-title":"Hum. Reprod. Update"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"316","DOI":"10.1089\/jwh.2005.14.316","article-title":"Menstrual-related problems and psychological distress among women in the United States","volume":"14","author":"Strine","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Women\u2019s Health"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0447.1988.tb06304.x","article-title":"Sleep in the premenstrual phase: A self-report study of PMS patients and normal controls","volume":"78","author":"Mauri","year":"1988","journal-title":"Acta Psychiatr. Scand."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1634","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.147.12.1634","article-title":"Late luteal phase dysphoric disorder in young women","volume":"147","author":"Frank","year":"1990","journal-title":"Am. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1007\/s11886-017-0916-0","article-title":"Sleep and Cardio-Metabolic Disease","volume":"19","author":"Cappuccio","year":"2017","journal-title":"Curr. Cardiol. Rep."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"709","DOI":"10.1037\/a0034010","article-title":"The role of affect in the maintenance of anorexia nervosa: Evidence from a naturalistic assessment of momentary behaviors and emotion","volume":"122","author":"Engel","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Abnorm. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1037\/a0029703","article-title":"Facets of negative affect prior to and following binge-only, purge-only, and binge\/purge events in women with bulimia nervosa","volume":"122","author":"Berg","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Abnorm. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1080\/10640266.2018.1418253","article-title":"Negative urgency and expectancies increase vulnerability to binge eating in bulimia nervosa","volume":"26","author":"Fischer","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eat. Disord."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"629","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-006X.75.4.629","article-title":"Daily and momentary mood and stress are associated with binge eating and vomiting in bulimia nervosa patients in the natural environment","volume":"75","author":"Smyth","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Consult. Clin. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1037\/abn0000517","article-title":"The role of affect in the maintenance of binge-eating disorder: Evidence from an ecological momentary assessment study","volume":"129","author":"Schaefer","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Abnorm. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1479-8425.2012.00565.x","article-title":"Epidemiology of sleep-related complaints associated with obstructive sleep apnea, insomnia and non-restorative sleep in an at-risk population in Granada, Spain Marie","volume":"10","author":"Valenza","year":"2012","journal-title":"Sleep Biol. Rhythm."},{"key":"ref_25","first-page":"553","article-title":"Sleep deprivation: Impact on cognitive performance","volume":"3","author":"Alhola","year":"2007","journal-title":"Neuropsychiatr. Dis. Treat."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1007\/s00737-005-0103-y","article-title":"Daily Record of Severity of Problems (DRSP): Reliability and validity","volume":"9","author":"Endicott","year":"2006","journal-title":"Arch. Women\u2019s Ment. Health"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.3390\/psychiatryint3010005","article-title":"Association between Neuroticism and Premenstrual Affective\/Psychological Symptomatology","volume":"3","author":"Hamidovic","year":"2022","journal-title":"Psychiatry Int."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e391","DOI":"10.2196\/jmir.7468","article-title":"Relationship Between the Menstrual Cycle and Timing of Ovulation Revealed by New Protocols: Analysis of Data from a Self-Tracking Health App","volume":"19","author":"Sohda","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Med. Internet Res."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.1038\/s41398-021-01328-4","article-title":"Subgenual cingulate resting regional cerebral blood flow in premenstrual dysphoric disorder: Differential regulation by ovarian steroids and preliminary evidence for an association with expression of ESC\/E(Z) complex genes","volume":"11","author":"Wei","year":"2021","journal-title":"Transl. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6963","DOI":"10.1038\/s41380-021-01144-8","article-title":"Altered estradiol-dependent cellular Ca2+ homeostasis and endoplasmic reticulum stress response in Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder","volume":"26","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/deaa309","article-title":"Pubertal development and risk of premenstrual disorders in young adulthood","volume":"36","author":"Lu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Hum. Reprod."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291700036205","article-title":"Relationships between age and symptom severity among women seeking medical treatment for premenstrual symptoms","volume":"25","author":"Freeman","year":"1995","journal-title":"Psychol. Med."},{"key":"ref_33","unstructured":"R Core Team (2020). R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing, R Foundation for Statistical Computing. Available online: https:\/\/www.R-project.org\/."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"916","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhj043","article-title":"Apathy and the functional anatomy of the prefrontal cortex-basal ganglia circuits","volume":"16","author":"Levy","year":"2006","journal-title":"Cereb. Cortex"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eurpsy.2018.07.008","article-title":"Is it time to revise the diagnostic criteria for apathy in brain disorders? Te 2018 international consensus group","volume":"54","author":"Robert","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur. Psychiatr."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"710","DOI":"10.1111\/ijs.12433","article-title":"Circadian sleep\/wake rhythm abnormalities as a risk factor of a poststroke apathy","volume":"10","author":"Cosin","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Stroke"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-2011-101701","article-title":"Relationship between apathy and sleep disturbance in mild and moderate Alzheimer\u2019s disease: An actigraphic study","volume":"25","author":"Mulin","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Alzheimers Dis."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jns.2019.02.028","article-title":"Apathy in Parkinson\u2019s disease with REM sleep behavior disorder","volume":"399","author":"Bargiotas","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"469-e32","DOI":"10.1111\/ene.13515","article-title":"Apathy in rapid eye movement sleep behaviour disorder is common and under-recognized","volume":"25","author":"Barber","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur. J. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1463-1326.2011.01544.x","article-title":"Role of apathy in the effectiveness of weight management programmes","volume":"14","author":"Desouza","year":"2012","journal-title":"Diabetes Obes. Metab."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.2147\/NSS.S125807","article-title":"Sleep problems during the menopausal transition: Prevalence, impact, and management challenges","volume":"10","author":"Baker","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Sci. Sleep"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"688","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2014.02.003","article-title":"Objective sleep interruption and reproductive hormone dynamics in the menstrual cycle","volume":"15","author":"Sharkey","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sleep Med."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"532","DOI":"10.1097\/00006254-195008000-00022","article-title":"The thermogenic property of progesterone","volume":"5","author":"Israel","year":"1950","journal-title":"Obstet. Gynecol. Surv."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1081\/CBI-100101050","article-title":"More than a marker: Interaction between the circadian regulation of temperature and sleep, age-related changes, and treatment possibilities","volume":"17","year":"2000","journal-title":"Chronobiol. Int."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.5664\/jcsm.6470","article-title":"Clinical Practice Guideline for the Pharmacologic Treatment of Chronic Insomnia in Adults: An American Academy of Sleep Medicine Clinical Practice Guideline","volume":"13","author":"Sateia","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Clin. Sleep Med."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(14)70053-5","article-title":"Safety and efficacy of suvorexant during 1-year treatment of insomnia with subsequent abrupt treatment discontinuation: A phase 3 randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial","volume":"13","author":"Michelson","year":"2014","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsmc.2017.01.005","article-title":"The effects of insomnia and sleep loss on cardiovascular disease","volume":"12","author":"Khan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sleep Med. Clin."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"931","DOI":"10.1002\/eat.22927","article-title":"Disordered eating behaviors and cardiometabolic risk among young adults with overweight or obesity","volume":"51","author":"Nagata","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Eat. Disord."}],"container-title":["Brain Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-3425\/12\/7\/814\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T23:37:39Z","timestamp":1760139459000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-3425\/12\/7\/814"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,22]]},"references-count":48,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,7]]}},"alternative-id":["brainsci12070814"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/brainsci12070814","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-3425"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2076-3425"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,22]]}}}