{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]],"date-time":"2026-09-15T11:55:00Z","timestamp":1789473300114,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,28]],"date-time":"2022-06-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1656374400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["81971244"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["81971244"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Brain Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>To evaluate the potential effect of radiofrequency ablation and deep brain stimulation in patients with treatment-refractory Tourette syndrome (TS), this study enrolled thirteen patients with TS who were admitted to our hospital between August 2002 and September 2018. Four patients received a single- or multi-target radiofrequency ablation after local, potentiated, or general anesthesia; eight patients underwent deep brain stimulation (DBS) surgery; and one patient underwent both ablation and DBS surgery. The severity of tics and obsessive compulsive disorder symptoms and the quality of life were evaluated using the Yale Global Tic Severity Scale (YGTSS), Yale\u2013Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale (YBOCS), and Gilles de la Tourette Syndrome Quality of Life scale (GTS-QOL), respectively, before surgery, one month after surgery, and at the final follow-up after surgery, which was conducted in December 2018. A paired-sample t test and a multiple linear regression analysis were performed to analyze the data. All patients underwent the operation successfully without any severe complications. Overall, the YGTSS total scores at one month post-surgery (44.1 \u00b1 22.3) and at the final visit (35.1 \u00b1 23.7) were significantly decreased compared with those at baseline (75.1 \u00b1 6.2; both p &lt; 0.05). Additionally, the YBOCS scores at one month post-surgery (16.5 \u00b1 10.1) and at the final visit (12.0 \u00b1 9.5) were significantly decreased compared with those at baseline (22.5 \u00b1 13.1; both p &lt; 0.05). Furthermore, the GTS-QOL scores at one month post-surgery (44.0 \u00b1 12.8) and at the final visit (31.0 \u00b1 17.8) were significantly decreased compared with those at baseline (58.4 \u00b1 14.2; both p &lt; 0.05). Results from a multiple linear regression analysis revealed that the improvement in the YGTSS total score was independently associated with the improvement in the GTS-QOL score at one month post-surgery (standardized \u03b2 = 0.716, p = 0.023) and at the final visit (standardized \u03b2 = 1.064, p = 0.000). Conversely, changes in YBOCS scores did not correlate with changes in GTS-QOL scores (p &gt; 0.05). Our results demonstrate that tics, psychiatric symptoms, and the quality of life in patients with intractable TS may be relieved by stereotactic ablation surgery and deep brain stimulation. Furthermore, it appears that the improvement in tics contributes more to the post-operative quality of life of patients than does the improvement in obsessive compulsive symptoms.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci12070838","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,28]],"date-time":"2022-06-28T03:16:06Z","timestamp":1656386166000},"page":"838","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Stereotactic Surgery for Treating Intractable Tourette Syndrome: A Single-Center Pilot Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Xin","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Tangdu Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi\u2019an 710038, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5974-1688","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Liang","family":"Qu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Tangdu Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi\u2019an 710038, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shunnan","family":"Ge","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Tangdu Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi\u2019an 710038, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nan","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Tangdu Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi\u2019an 710038, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jing","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Tangdu Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi\u2019an 710038, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chun","family":"Qiu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Tangdu Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi\u2019an 710038, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Huijuan","family":"Kou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Xi\u2019an Jiaotong University, Xi\u2019an 710004, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0758-8658","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jiaming","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Tangdu Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi\u2019an 710038, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiangpeng","family":"Jing","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Tangdu Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi\u2019an 710038, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mingming","family":"Su","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Tangdu Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi\u2019an 710038, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhaohui","family":"Zheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Tangdu Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi\u2019an 710038, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yang","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Tangdu Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi\u2019an 710038, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yan","family":"Qu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Tangdu Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi\u2019an 710038, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xuelian","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Tangdu Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi\u2019an 710038, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"667","DOI":"10.1038\/nrneurol.2011.167","article-title":"Advances in understanding and treatment of Tourette syndrome","volume":"7","author":"McNaught","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nat. 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