{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,20]],"date-time":"2026-01-20T16:57:50Z","timestamp":1768928270944,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,29]],"date-time":"2022-06-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1656460800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Heilongjiang Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["LH2019H064"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LH2019H064"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Brain Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Functional abnormalities in brain areas within the fronto-limbic network have been widely reported in obsessive\u2013compulsive disorder (OCD). However, region- and network-level brain activities of the fronto-limbic network at rest have not been simultaneously investigated in OCD. In this study, 40 medicine-free and non-comorbidity patients with OCD and 38 age-, education-, and gender-matched healthy controls (HCs) underwent a resting-state functional magnetic-resonance-imaging scan. Fractional amplitude of low-frequency fluctuations (fALFF), network homogeneity (NH), and support vector machine were used to analyze the data. Patients with OCD showed increased fALFF in the right orbital frontal cortex (OFC), increased NH in the left OFC, and decreased NH in the right putamen. Decreased NH of the right putamen was negatively correlated with the Y-BOCS total and compulsive behavior scores. Furthermore, a combination of NH in the left OFC and right putamen could be applied to differentiate OCD from HCs with optimum specificity and sensitivity. The current findings emphasize the crucial role of the fronto-limbic network in the etiology of OCD.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci12070857","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,29]],"date-time":"2022-06-29T20:47:56Z","timestamp":1656535676000},"page":"857","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Altered Regional Activity and Network Homogeneity within the Fronto-Limbic Network at Rest in Medicine-Free Obsessive\u2013Compulsive Disorder"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Yunhui","family":"Chen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Qiqihar Medical University, Qiqihar 161006, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yangpan","family":"Ou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha 410011, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dan","family":"Lv","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Qiqihar Medical University, Qiqihar 161006, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zengyan","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Qiqihar Medical University, Qiqihar 161006, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tinghuizi","family":"Shang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Qiqihar Medical University, Qiqihar 161006, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jidong","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Baiyupao Psychiatric Hospital of Harbin, Harbin 150026, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chuang","family":"Zhan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Baiyupao Psychiatric Hospital of Harbin, Harbin 150026, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zhenning","family":"Ding","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Qiqihar Medical University, Qiqihar 161006, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xu","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Qiqihar Medical University, Qiqihar 161006, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jian","family":"Xiao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Qiqihar Medical University, Qiqihar 161006, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ru","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha 410011, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zhenghai","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Qiqihar Medical University, Qiqihar 161006, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Guangfeng","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, Shenzhen Third People\u2019s Hospital, Shenzhen 518000 China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xiaoping","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha 410011, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1626-2465","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wenbin","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha 410011, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ping","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Qiqihar Medical University, Qiqihar 161006, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"810","DOI":"10.1016\/j.euroneuro.2015.12.005","article-title":"Brain circuitry of compulsivity","volume":"26","author":"Alonso","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur. Neuropsychopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"563","article-title":"Emotional processing in obsessive-compulsive disorder: A systematic review and meta-analysis of 25 functional neuroimaging studies","volume":"3","author":"Thorsen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102417","DOI":"10.1016\/j.janxdis.2021.102417","article-title":"Intolerance of uncertainty and obsessive-compulsive disorder dimensions","volume":"81","author":"Pinciotti","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Anxiety Disord."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e100632","DOI":"10.1136\/gpsych-2021-100632","article-title":"The cost of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) in China: A multi-center cross-sectional survey based on hospitals","volume":"34","author":"Yang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Gen. Psychiatr."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2018.01.016","article-title":"Frontoparietal areas link impairments of large-scale intrinsic brain networks with aberrant fronto-striatal interactions in OCD: A meta-analysis of resting-state functional connectivity","volume":"87","author":"Avram","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4583","DOI":"10.1038\/s41380-020-01007-8","article-title":"Toward a neurocircuit-based taxonomy to guide treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder","volume":"26","author":"Shephard","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1007\/7854_2020_203","article-title":"Functional Brain Imaging and OCD","volume":"49","year":"2021","journal-title":"Curr. Top. Behav. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1038\/s41572-019-0102-3","article-title":"Obsessive-compulsive disorder","volume":"5","author":"Stein","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Dis. Primers"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2017.04.012","article-title":"Meta-analytic investigations of common and distinct grey matter alterations in youths and adults with obsessive-compulsive disorder","volume":"78","author":"Hu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"290","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajp.2012.07.004","article-title":"Brain structural abnormalities in obsessive-compulsive disorder: Converging evidence from white matter and grey matter","volume":"5","author":"Peng","year":"2012","journal-title":"Asian J. Psychiatr."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2018.04.048","article-title":"Hippocampus volume alterations and the clinical correlates in medication naive obsessive compulsive disorder","volume":"236","author":"Rao","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Affect. Disord."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1427","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291715002998","article-title":"Common and differential alterations of general emotion processing in obsessive-compulsive and social anxiety disorder","volume":"46","author":"Weidt","year":"2016","journal-title":"Psychol. Med."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1956","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.22038","article-title":"Subjective uncertainty and limbic hyperactivation in obsessive-compulsive disorder","volume":"34","author":"Stern","year":"2013","journal-title":"Hum. Brain Mapp."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104574","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2022.104574","article-title":"Abnormal resting-state functional connectivity in patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"135","author":"Liu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"378","DOI":"10.1503\/jpn.160215","article-title":"Basolateral amygdala-ventromedial prefrontal cortex connectivity predicts cognitive behavioural therapy outcome in adults with obsessive-compulsive disorder","volume":"42","author":"Fullana","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Psychiatry Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsycho.2015.09.004","article-title":"Resting-state connectivity of the amygdala predicts response to cognitive behavioral therapy in obsessive compulsive disorder","volume":"111","author":"Gottlich","year":"2015","journal-title":"Biol. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2535","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.21379","article-title":"The relationship between regional and inter-regional functional connectivity deficits in schizophrenia","volume":"33","author":"Zalesky","year":"2012","journal-title":"Hum. Brain Mapp."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2013.00118","article-title":"The influence of the amplitude of low-frequency fluctuations on resting-state functional connectivity","volume":"7","author":"Di","year":"2013","journal-title":"Front. Hum. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6260","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.0492-14.2014","article-title":"Local activity determines functional connectivity in the resting human brain: A simultaneous FDG-PET\/fMRI study","volume":"34","author":"Riedl","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneumeth.2008.04.012","article-title":"An improved approach to detection of amplitude of low-frequency fluctuation (ALFF) for resting-state fMRI: Fractional ALFF","volume":"172","author":"Zou","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Neurosci. Methods"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneumeth.2007.11.031","article-title":"Network homogeneity reveals decreased integrity of default-mode network in ADHD","volume":"169","author":"Uddin","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Neurosci. Methods"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109813","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2019.109813","article-title":"Functional connectivity within the salience network differentiates autogenous- from reactive-type obsessive-compulsive disorder","volume":"98","author":"Xia","year":"2020","journal-title":"Prog. Neuropsychopharmacol. Biol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1007\/s12021-016-9299-4","article-title":"DPABI: Data Processing & Analysis for (Resting-State) Brain Imaging","volume":"14","author":"Yan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neuroinformatics"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2142","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2011.10.018","article-title":"Spurious but systematic correlations in functional connectivity MRI networks arise from subject motion","volume":"59","author":"Power","year":"2012","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"550","DOI":"10.1177\/0004867415577978","article-title":"Decreased regional activity and network homogeneity of the fronto-limbic network at rest in drug-naive major depressive disorder","volume":"49","author":"Guo","year":"2015","journal-title":"Aust. N. Z. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Song, X.W., Dong, Z.Y., Long, X.Y., Li, S.F., Zuo, X.N., Zhu, C.Z., He, Y., Yan, C.G., and Zang, Y.F. (2011). REST: A toolkit for resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging data processing. PLoS ONE, 6.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0025031"},{"key":"ref_27","first-page":"1144","article-title":"Altered Fractional Amplitude of Low Frequency Fluctuations in Unmedicated Female Patients with Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder","volume":"2018","author":"Meng","year":"2018","journal-title":"Conf. Proc. IEEE Eng. Med. Biol. Soc."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2012.01.022","article-title":"Localization of cerebral functional deficits in patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder: A resting-state fMRI study","volume":"138","author":"Hou","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Affect. Disord."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhu, Y., Fan, Q., Zhang, H., Qiu, J., Tan, L., Xiao, Z., Tong, S., Chen, J., and Li, Y. (2016). Altered intrinsic insular activity predicts symptom severity in unmedicated obsessive-compulsive disorder patients: A resting state functional magnetic resonance imaging study. BMC Psychiatry, 16.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12888-016-0806-9"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2011.11.003","article-title":"Obsessive-compulsive disorder: Beyond segregated cortico-striatal pathways","volume":"16","author":"Milad","year":"2012","journal-title":"Trends Cogn. Sci."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2015.03.002","article-title":"Meta-analytic investigations of structural grey matter, executive domain-related functional activations, and white matter diffusivity in obsessive compulsive disorder: An integrative review","volume":"52","author":"Eng","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"861","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2018.11.080","article-title":"Intrinsic brain abnormalities in drug-naive patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder: A resting-state functional MRI study","volume":"245","author":"Yang","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Affect. Disord."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1508","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhj088","article-title":"Basal ganglia functional connectivity based on a meta-analysis of 126 positron emission tomography and functional magnetic resonance imaging publications","volume":"16","author":"Postuma","year":"2006","journal-title":"Cereb. Cortex"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1015","DOI":"10.1007\/s00406-019-01070-5","article-title":"Increased cerebellar-default-mode network connectivity at rest in obsessive-compulsive disorder","volume":"270","author":"Lv","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur. Arch. Psychiatry Clin. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn3475","article-title":"Power failure: Why small sample size undermines the reliability of neuroscience","volume":"14","author":"Button","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"901","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2004.12.039","article-title":"Brain activation of patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder during neuropsychological and symptom provocation tasks before and after symptom improvement: A functional magnetic resonance imaging study","volume":"57","author":"Nakao","year":"2005","journal-title":"Biol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"486","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2018.07.897","article-title":"Sertraline Effects on Striatal Resting-State Functional Connectivity in Youth with Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder: A Pilot Study","volume":"58","author":"Bernstein","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Am. Acad Child. Adolesc. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"606","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2013.09.002","article-title":"The effects of pharmacological treatment on functional brain connectome in obsessive-compulsive disorder","volume":"75","author":"Shin","year":"2014","journal-title":"Biol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"698","DOI":"10.1007\/s00108-011-2935-z","article-title":"Physical activity and brain function","volume":"53","author":"Kempermann","year":"2012","journal-title":"Internist"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1016\/S0091-3057(02)00795-5","article-title":"Social stress in tree shrews: Effects on physiology, brain function, and behavior of subordinate individuals","volume":"73","author":"Fuchs","year":"2002","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav."}],"container-title":["Brain Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-3425\/12\/7\/857\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T23:40:35Z","timestamp":1760139635000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-3425\/12\/7\/857"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,29]]},"references-count":40,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,7]]}},"alternative-id":["brainsci12070857"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/brainsci12070857","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-3425"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-3425","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,29]]}}}