{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,24]],"date-time":"2026-10-24T01:09:05Z","timestamp":1792804145189,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,8]],"date-time":"2022-07-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1657238400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Brain Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Rotenone (ROT) is currently being used in various research fields, especially neuroscience. Separated from other neurotoxins, ROT induces a Parkinson\u2019s disease (PD)-related phenotype that mimics the associated clinical spectrum by directly entering the central nervous system (CNS). It easily crosses through the blood\u2013brain barrier (BBB) and accumulates in mitochondria. Unfortunately, most of the existing data focus on locomotion. This is why the present study aimed to bring novel evidence on how ROT alone or in combination with different potential ant(agonists) might influence the social and aggressive behavior using the counterclockwise rotation as a neurological pointer. Material and Methods: Thus, we exposed zebrafish to ROT\u20142.5 \u00b5g\/L, valproic acid (VPA)\u20140.5 mg\/mL, anti-parkinsonian drugs (LEV\/CARB)\u2014250 mg + 25 mg, and probiotics (PROBIO)\u20143 g for 32 days by assessing the anti-social profile and mirror tests and counterclockwise rotation every 4 days to avoid chronic stress. Results: We observed an abnormal pattern in the counterclockwise rotation only in the (a) CONTROL, (c) LEV\/CARB, and (d) PROBIO groups, from both the top and side views, this indicating a reaction to medication and supplements administered or a normal intrinsic feature due to high levels of stress\/anxiety (p &lt; 0.05). Four out of eight studied groups\u2014(b) VPA, (c) LEV\/CARB, (e) ROT, and (f) ROT + VPA\u2014displayed an impaired, often antithetical behavior demonstrated by long periods of time on distinct days spent on the right and the central arm (p &lt; 0.05, 0.005, and 0.0005). Interestingly, groups (d) PROBIO, (g) ROT + LEV\/CARB, and (h) ROT + PROBIO registered fluctuations but not significant ones in contrast with the above groups (p &gt; 0.05). Except for groups (a) CONTROL and (d) PROBIO, where a normalized trend in terms of behavior was noted, the rest of the experimental groups exhibited exacerbated levels of aggression (p &lt; 0.05, 0.005, and 0.001) not only near the mirror but as an overall reaction (p &lt; 0.05, 0.005, and 0.001). Conclusions: The (d) PROBIO group showed a significant improvement compared with (b) VPA, (c) LEV\/CARB, and ROT-treated zebrafish (e\u2013h). Independently of the aggressive-like reactions and fluctuations among the testing day(s) and groups, ROT disrupted the social behavior, while VPA promoted a specific typology in contrast with LEV\/CARB.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci12070898","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,8]],"date-time":"2022-07-08T11:37:08Z","timestamp":1657280228000},"page":"898","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":34,"title":["Assessing Anti-Social and Aggressive Behavior in a Zebrafish (Danio rerio) Model of Parkinson\u2019s Disease Chronically Exposed to Rotenone"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4023-1765","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ovidiu-Dumitru","family":"Ilie","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, Faculty of Biology, \u201cAlexandru Ioan Cuza\u201d University, Carol I Avenue, No 20A, 700505 Iasi, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Raluca","family":"Duta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, Faculty of Biology, \u201cAlexandru Ioan Cuza\u201d University, Carol I Avenue, No 20A, 700505 Iasi, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0354-943X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Roxana","family":"Jijie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Exact and Natural Sciences, Institute of Interdisciplinary Research, \u201cAlexandru Ioan Cuza\u201d University, Carol I Avenue, No 11, 700506 Iasi, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ilinca-Bianca","family":"Nita","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy \u201cGrigore T. Popa\u201d, University Street, No 16, 700115 Iasi, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9755-6771","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mircea","family":"Nicoara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, Faculty of Biology, \u201cAlexandru Ioan Cuza\u201d University, Carol I Avenue, No 20A, 700505 Iasi, Romania"},{"name":"Doctoral School of Geosciences, Faculty of Geography-Geology, \u201cAlexandru Ioan Cuza\u201d University, Carol I Avenue, No 20A, 700505 Iasi, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0066-2421","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Caterina","family":"Faggio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale F. Stagno d\u2019Alcontre 31, 98166 Messina, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3023-0205","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Romeo","family":"Dobrin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, University of Medicine and Pharmacy \u201cGrigore T. Popa\u201d, University Street, No 16, 700115 Iasi, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9844-4010","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ioannis","family":"Mavroudis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neuroscience, Leeds Teaching Hospitals, NHS Trust, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alin","family":"Ciobica","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, Faculty of Biology, \u201cAlexandru Ioan Cuza\u201d University, Carol I Avenue, No 20A, 700505 Iasi, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6618-141X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bogdan","family":"Doroftei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy \u201cGrigore T. Popa\u201d, University Street, No 16, 700115 Iasi, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1370837","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/1370837","article-title":"Parkinson\u2019s Disease-Induced Zebrafish Models: Focussing on Oxidative Stress Implications and Sleep Processes","volume":"2020","author":"Robea","year":"2020","journal-title":"Oxid. Med. Cell. Longev."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10756","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.23-34-10756.2003","article-title":"Mechanism of toxicity in rotenone models of Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"23","author":"Sherer","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. 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