{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,8]],"date-time":"2026-09-08T23:11:37Z","timestamp":1788909097306,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,16]],"date-time":"2022-07-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1657929600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Brain Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Eye movement abnormalities in association with cognitive and emotional deficits have been described in neurological, neurodevelopmental, and psychiatric disorders. Eye-Tracking (ET) techniques could therefore enhance cognitive interventions by contingently providing feedback to patients. Since no consensus has been reached thus far on this approach, this study aimed at systematically reviewing the current evidence. This review was performed and reported according to PRISMA guidelines. Records were searched for in PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus (1990\u20132021) through the following string: (\u2018Eye Tracking\u2019 OR \u2018Eye-Tracking\u2019 OR \u2018Oculomotor\u2019) AND (\u2018Neuropsychol*\u2019 OR \u2018Cognitive\u2019) AND (\u2018Rehabilitation\u2019 OR \u2018Training\u2019 OR \u2018Stimulation\u2019). Study outcomes were thematically classified and qualitatively synthesized. A structured quality assessment was performed. A total of 24 articles were included, addressing neurodevelopmental (preterm infants and children with autism spectrum disorder, Rett syndrome, or ADHD; N = 14), psychiatric (mood and anxiety disorders or alcohol dependence; N = 7), and neurological conditions (stroke; N = 3). Overall, ET gaze-contingent training proved to be effective in improving cognitive and emotional alterations. However, population heterogeneity limits the generalizability of results. ET gaze-contingent protocols allow researchers to directly and dynamically train attentional functions; together with the recruitment of implicit, \u201cbottom-up\u201d strategies, these protocols are promising and possibly integrable with traditional cognitive approaches.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci12070931","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,17]],"date-time":"2022-07-17T21:00:28Z","timestamp":1658091628000},"page":"931","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["Gaze-Contingent Eye-Tracking Training in Brain Disorders: A Systematic Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Laura","family":"Carelli","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology and Laboratory of Neuroscience, Istituto Auxologico Italiano, I.R.C.C.S., 20149 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Federica","family":"Solca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology and Laboratory of Neuroscience, Istituto Auxologico Italiano, I.R.C.C.S., 20149 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sofia","family":"Tagini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"\u201cRita Levi Montalcini\u201d Department of Neurosciences, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy"},{"name":"Istituto Auxologico Italiano, I.R.C.C.S., U.O. di Neurologia e Neuroriabilitazione, Ospedale San Giuseppe, 28824 Piancavallo, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Silvia","family":"Torre","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology and Laboratory of Neuroscience, Istituto Auxologico Italiano, I.R.C.C.S., 20149 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Federico","family":"Verde","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology and Laboratory of Neuroscience, Istituto Auxologico Italiano, I.R.C.C.S., 20149 Milan, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, Dino Ferrari Center, University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5963-7426","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nicola","family":"Ticozzi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology and Laboratory of Neuroscience, Istituto Auxologico Italiano, I.R.C.C.S., 20149 Milan, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, Dino Ferrari Center, University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5109-9483","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Roberta","family":"Ferrucci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Sciences, Aldo Ravelli Center for Neurotechnology and Experimental Brain Therapeutics, International Medical School, University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy"},{"name":"Neurology Clinic III, ASST Santi Paolo e Carlo, 20142 Milan, Italy"},{"name":"Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Ca\u2019 Granda Foundation Maggiore Policlinico Hospital, 20162 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gabriella","family":"Pravettoni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oncology and Hemato-Oncology, University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy"},{"name":"European Institute of Oncology, IRCCS, 20141 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Edoardo Nicol\u00f2","family":"Aiello","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology and Laboratory of Neuroscience, Istituto Auxologico Italiano, I.R.C.C.S., 20149 Milan, Italy"},{"name":"PhD Program in Neuroscience, School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, 20126 Monza, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7698-3854","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vincenzo","family":"Silani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology and Laboratory of Neuroscience, Istituto Auxologico Italiano, I.R.C.C.S., 20149 Milan, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, Dino Ferrari Center, University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Health Sciences, Aldo Ravelli Center for Neurotechnology and Experimental Brain Therapeutics, International Medical 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