{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,27]],"date-time":"2026-08-27T15:57:33Z","timestamp":1787846253152,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":62,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,20]],"date-time":"2022-07-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1658275200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["81971012"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["81971012"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["81873726"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["81873726"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["81901095"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["81901095"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["81701052"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["81701052"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["81801070"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["81801070"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["BYSYZD2019027"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BYSYZD2019027"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["PKU2020LCXQ016"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PKU2020LCXQ016"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["ZR-202108"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ZR-202108"]}]},{"name":"Key Clinical Projects of Peking University Third Hospital","award":["81971012"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["81971012"]}]},{"name":"Key Clinical Projects of Peking University Third Hospital","award":["81873726"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["81873726"]}]},{"name":"Key Clinical Projects of Peking University Third Hospital","award":["81901095"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["81901095"]}]},{"name":"Key Clinical Projects of Peking University Third Hospital","award":["81701052"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["81701052"]}]},{"name":"Key Clinical Projects of Peking University Third Hospital","award":["81801070"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["81801070"]}]},{"name":"Key Clinical Projects of Peking University Third Hospital","award":["BYSYZD2019027"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BYSYZD2019027"]}]},{"name":"Key Clinical Projects of Peking University Third Hospital","award":["PKU2020LCXQ016"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PKU2020LCXQ016"]}]},{"name":"Key Clinical Projects of Peking University Third Hospital","award":["ZR-202108"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ZR-202108"]}]},{"name":"Peking University \u201cClinical Medicine plus X\u201d Youth Project","award":["81971012"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["81971012"]}]},{"name":"Peking University \u201cClinical Medicine plus X\u201d Youth Project","award":["81873726"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["81873726"]}]},{"name":"Peking University \u201cClinical Medicine plus X\u201d Youth Project","award":["81901095"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["81901095"]}]},{"name":"Peking University \u201cClinical Medicine plus X\u201d Youth Project","award":["81701052"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["81701052"]}]},{"name":"Peking University \u201cClinical Medicine plus X\u201d Youth Project","award":["81801070"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["81801070"]}]},{"name":"Peking University \u201cClinical Medicine plus X\u201d Youth Project","award":["BYSYZD2019027"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BYSYZD2019027"]}]},{"name":"Peking University \u201cClinical Medicine plus X\u201d Youth Project","award":["PKU2020LCXQ016"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PKU2020LCXQ016"]}]},{"name":"Peking University \u201cClinical Medicine plus X\u201d Youth Project","award":["ZR-202108"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ZR-202108"]}]},{"name":"Beijing Jishuitan Hospital Science Foundation","award":["81971012"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["81971012"]}]},{"name":"Beijing Jishuitan Hospital Science Foundation","award":["81873726"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["81873726"]}]},{"name":"Beijing Jishuitan Hospital Science Foundation","award":["81901095"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["81901095"]}]},{"name":"Beijing Jishuitan Hospital Science Foundation","award":["81701052"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["81701052"]}]},{"name":"Beijing Jishuitan Hospital Science Foundation","award":["81801070"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["81801070"]}]},{"name":"Beijing Jishuitan Hospital Science Foundation","award":["BYSYZD2019027"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BYSYZD2019027"]}]},{"name":"Beijing Jishuitan Hospital Science Foundation","award":["PKU2020LCXQ016"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PKU2020LCXQ016"]}]},{"name":"Beijing Jishuitan Hospital Science Foundation","award":["ZR-202108"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ZR-202108"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Brain Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>(1) Background: Previous evidence demonstrates that tight glycemic control and good physical function could reduce the risk of delirium. This study aimed to investigate whether the occurrence of postoperative delirium (POD) in older hip fracture surgery patients is associated with preoperative glycemic control factors or pre-injury physical performance. (2) Methods: Three-hundred and nine individuals aged over 65 years and scheduled for hip fracture surgery were included at a single center. Glycemic control factors and pre-injury physical performance were assessed preoperatively. The presence of delirium was assessed using the Confusion Assessment Method on postoperative hospitalization days. Univariate and multivariable logistic regression models and a risk prediction model of POD were established. (3) Results: Among the 309 patients, 52 (16.83%) experienced POD during the hospital stay. The numbers of pre-injury physical performance and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) patients were significantly different in the POD and non-POD groups. The multivariable model showed that development of delirium was significantly explained by preoperative fasting blood glucose (FBG) (OR 0.804, p = 0.004), stair climbing (OR 0.709, p = 0.003), T2DM (odds ratio (OR) 3.654, p = 0.001), and age-adjusted Charlson comorbidity index (ACCI) (OR 1.270, p = 0.038). The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUROC) of the risk prediction model including those covariates was 0.770. (4) Conclusions: More older T2DM patients develop POD after hip fracture surgery than patients without T2DM. A simple assessment of preoperative FBG and pre-injury stair climbing capacity may identify those at high risk for the development of POD. Higher preoperative FBG and good pre-injury stair climbing capacity are protective factors for POD.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci12070951","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,20]],"date-time":"2022-07-20T11:22:24Z","timestamp":1658316144000},"page":"951","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":32,"title":["Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus with Tight Glucose Control and Poor Pre-Injury Stair Climbing Capacity May Predict Postoperative Delirium: A Secondary Analysis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Kaixi","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing 100191, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yanan","family":"Song","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing 100191, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yi","family":"Yuan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology, Beijing Jishuitan Hospital, 31 Xinjiekou East Street, Xicheng District, Beijing 100035, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6758-0685","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhengqian","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing 100191, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaoxiao","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Center of Clinical Epidemiology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing 100191, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wenchao","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology, Beijing Jishuitan Hospital, 31 Xinjiekou East Street, Xicheng District, Beijing 100035, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9894-5904","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yue","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing 100191, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xinning","family":"Mi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing 100191, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dengyang","family":"Han","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing 100191, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yulan","family":"Rong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing 100191, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiangyang","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing 100191, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Geng","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology, Beijing Jishuitan Hospital, 31 Xinjiekou East Street, Xicheng District, Beijing 100035, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"649","DOI":"10.1097\/EJA.0000000000001197","article-title":"Modifiable factors associated with postoperative delirium after hip fracture repair: An age-stratified retrospective cohort study","volume":"37","author":"Poeran","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur. J. Anaesthesiol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"829","DOI":"10.2106\/JBJS.N.00724","article-title":"Health economic implications of perioperative delirium in older patients after surgery for a fragility hip fracture","volume":"97","author":"Zywiel","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Bone Joint Surg. Am."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"492","DOI":"10.1097\/ALN.0000000000002849","article-title":"Postoperative Delirium Is Associated with Long-term Decline in Activities of Daily Living","volume":"131","author":"Shi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Anesthesiology"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"316","DOI":"10.1093\/bja\/aex130","article-title":"Postoperative delirium in elderly patients is associated with subsequent cognitive impairment","volume":"119","author":"Sprung","year":"2017","journal-title":"Br. J. Anaesth."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"573","DOI":"10.1007\/s00068-017-0826-2","article-title":"Complications after hip fracture surgery: Are they preventable?","volume":"44","author":"Flikweert","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur. J. Trauma Emerg. Surg."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yang, Q., Wang, J., Huang, X., Xu, Y., and Zhang, Y. (2020). Incidence and risk factors associated with postoperative delirium following primary elective total hip arthroplasty: A retrospective nationwide inpatient sample database study. BMC Psychiatry, 20.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12888-020-02742-6"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"492","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bja.2020.06.063","article-title":"Postoperative delirium: Perioperative assessment, risk reduction, and management","volume":"125","author":"Jin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Br. J. Anaesth."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e26156","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000026156","article-title":"The risk factors of postoperative delirium in general anesthesia patients with hip fracture: Attention needed","volume":"100","author":"Chu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Medicine"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1186\/s13019-021-01456-4","article-title":"Association between glucose variability and postoperative delirium in acute aortic dissection patients: An observational study","volume":"16","author":"Lin","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Cardiothorac. Surg."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"511","DOI":"10.2147\/NDT.S196973","article-title":"Diabetes and elevated preoperative HbA1c level as risk factors for postoperative delirium after cardiac surgery: An observational cohort study","volume":"15","author":"Kotfis","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neuropsychiatr. Dis. Treat."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"van Keulen, K., Knol, W., Belitser, S.V., Zaal, I.J., van der Linden, P.D., Heerdink, E.R., Egberts, T.C.G., and Slooter, A.J.C. (2018). Glucose variability during delirium in diabetic and non-diabetic intensive care unit patients: A prospective cohort study. PLoS ONE, 13.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0205637"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1034","DOI":"10.1111\/1753-0407.13223","article-title":"A comparison of the stress hyperglycemia ratio, glycemic gap, and glucose to assess the impact of stress-induced hyperglycemia on ischemic stroke outcome","volume":"13","author":"Roberts","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Diabetes"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1240","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2017.03.049","article-title":"Usefulness of glycated hemoglobin A1c-based adjusted glycemic variables in diabetic patients presenting with acute ischemic stroke","volume":"35","author":"Yang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am. J. Emerg. Med."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychores.2008.05.026","article-title":"Predisposing and precipitating factors for delirium in a frail geriatric population","volume":"65","author":"Laurila","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Psychosom. Res."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1159\/000140804","article-title":"High risk of cognitive and functional decline after postoperative delirium. A three-year prospective study","volume":"26","author":"Bickel","year":"2008","journal-title":"Dement. Geriatr. Cogn. Disord."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1007\/s41999-020-00290-6","article-title":"The role of physical exercise and rehabilitation in delirium","volume":"11","author":"Gual","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur. Geriatr. Med."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2020.00067","article-title":"Exosome alpha-Synuclein Release in Plasma May be Associated With Postoperative Delirium in Hip Fracture Patients","volume":"12","author":"Yuan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Aging Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103490","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2021.103490","article-title":"Effects of general versus subarachnoid anaesthesia on circadian melatonin rhythm and postoperative delirium in elderly patients undergoing hip fracture surgery: A prospective cohort clinical trial","volume":"70","author":"Song","year":"2021","journal-title":"EBioMedicine"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e043720","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2020-043720","article-title":"Effects of general versus regional anaesthesia on circadian melatonin rhythm and its association with postoperative delirium in elderly patients undergoing hip fracture surgery: Study protocol for a prospective cohort clinical trial","volume":"11","author":"Yuan","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"394","DOI":"10.1159\/000335743","article-title":"Using the Mini-Mental State Examination to Screen for Delirium in Elderly Patients with Hip Fracture","volume":"32","author":"Ringdal","year":"2011","journal-title":"Dement. Geriatr. Cogn."},{"key":"ref_21","first-page":"1959","article-title":"Association between chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and activity of daily living among oldest-old in China: Based on Chinese Longitudinal Health Longevity Survey","volume":"14","author":"Liu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Chronic. Obstr."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1712","DOI":"10.1007\/s11999-012-2705-9","article-title":"Charlson comorbidity indices and in-hospital deaths in patients with hip fractures","volume":"471","author":"Neuhaus","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin. Orthop. Relat. Res."},{"key":"ref_23","unstructured":"Doyle, D.J., Goyal, A., Bansal, P., and Garmon, E.H. (2022). American Society of Anesthesiologists Classification. StatPearls, StatPearls Publishing."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"542","DOI":"10.7326\/M15-3016","article-title":"Diagnosis and Management of Diabetes: Synopsis of the 2016 American Diabetes Association Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes","volume":"164","author":"Chamberlain","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ann. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2285","DOI":"10.2337\/dc10-1303","article-title":"Diabetic neuropathies: Update on definitions, diagnostic criteria, estimation of severity, and treatments","volume":"33","author":"Tesfaye","year":"2010","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2890","DOI":"10.1161\/CIR.0b013e318276fbcb","article-title":"Measurement and interpretation of the ankle-brachial index: A scientific statement from the American Heart Association","volume":"126","author":"Aboyans","year":"2012","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S55","DOI":"10.2337\/dc18-S006","article-title":"Glycemic Targets: Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes-2018","volume":"41","author":"Assoc","year":"2018","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3328","DOI":"10.2337\/dc13-0119","article-title":"Stress-induced hyperglycemia after hip fracture and the increased risk of acute myocardial infarction in nondiabetic patients","volume":"36","author":"Chen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6279","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-42666-0","article-title":"Elevated Glycemic Gap Predicts Acute Respiratory Failure and In-hospital Mortality in Acute Heart Failure Patients with Diabetes","volume":"9","author":"Liao","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hsing, S.C., Lin, C., Chen, J.T., Chen, Y.H., and Fang, W.H. (2021). Glycemic Gap as a Useful Surrogate Marker for Glucose Variability and Progression of Diabetic Retinopathy. J. Pers Med., 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/jpm11080799"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27770","DOI":"10.1038\/srep27770","article-title":"An Elevated Glycemic Gap is Associated with Adverse Outcomes in Diabetic Patients with Acute Myocardial Infarction","volume":"6","author":"Liao","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1016\/j.genhosppsych.2007.12.007","article-title":"Clinical utility and validation of two instruments (the Confusion Assessment Method Algorithm and the Chinese version of Nursing Delirium Screening Scale) to detect delirium in geriatric inpatients","volume":"30","author":"Leung","year":"2008","journal-title":"Gen. Hosp. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2014.00297","article-title":"Using the Chinese version of Memorial Delirium Assessment Scale to describe postoperative delirium after hip surgery","volume":"6","author":"Shi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Front. Aging Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"987","DOI":"10.1001\/jamasurg.2018.2602","article-title":"Effect of Depth of Sedation in Older Patients Undergoing Hip Fracture Repair on Postoperative Delirium: The STRIDE Randomized Clinical Trial","volume":"153","author":"Sieber","year":"2018","journal-title":"JAMA Surg."},{"key":"ref_35","first-page":"e20.00221","article-title":"Predictors and Sequelae of Postoperative Delirium in a Geriatric Patient Population With Hip Fracture","volume":"5","author":"Haynes","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Am. Acad. Orthop. Surg. Glob. Res. Rev."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.1186\/s13018-018-0897-8","article-title":"Incidence and risk factors of postoperative delirium in the elderly patients with hip fracture","volume":"13","author":"Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Orthop. Surg. Res."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1213\/ANE.0000000000000100","article-title":"Increased glycemic variability in patients with elevated preoperative HbA1C predicts adverse outcomes following coronary artery bypass grafting surgery","volume":"118","author":"Subramaniam","year":"2014","journal-title":"Anesth. Analg."},{"key":"ref_38","first-page":"5","article-title":"Risk Factors and Mechanisms of Postoperative Delirium After Intracranial Neurosurgical Procedures","volume":"58","author":"Viderman","year":"2020","journal-title":"Asian J. Anesthesiol."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1444","DOI":"10.1097\/CCM.0000000000003285","article-title":"Diabetes and Glucose Dysregulation and Transition to Delirium in ICU Patients","volume":"46","author":"Knol","year":"2018","journal-title":"Crit Care Med."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S31","DOI":"10.1016\/S1262-3636(10)70464-X","article-title":"Central nervous system: A conductor orchestrating metabolic regulations harmed by both hyperglycaemia and hypoglycaemia","volume":"36","author":"Scheen","year":"2010","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuint.2013.06.018","article-title":"Neuronal damage and cognitive impairment associated with hypoglycemia: An integrated view","volume":"63","author":"Languren","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neurochem. Int."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1097\/MCO.0b013e32834f0009","article-title":"The impact of premorbid diabetic status on the relationship between the three domains of glycemic control and mortality in critically ill patients","volume":"15","author":"Krinsley","year":"2012","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1565","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2009.460","article-title":"Hypoglycemic Episodes and Risk of Dementia in Older Patients With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus","volume":"301","author":"Whitmer","year":"2009","journal-title":"JAMA-J. Am. Med. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-015-4125-5","article-title":"Glucose improves object-location binding in visual-spatial working memory","volume":"233","author":"Stollery","year":"2016","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1214","DOI":"10.1097\/ALN.0000000000000669","article-title":"Intraoperative Tight Glucose Control Using Hyperinsulinemic Normoglycemia Increases Delirium after Cardiac Surgery","volume":"122","author":"Saager","year":"2015","journal-title":"Anesthesiology"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1186","DOI":"10.1097\/ALN.0000000000000670","article-title":"Intraoperative Glycemic Control to Prevent Delirium after Cardiac Surgery Steering a Course between Scylla and Charybdis","volume":"122","author":"Berger","year":"2015","journal-title":"Anesthesiology"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-8587(14)70176-7","article-title":"Diabetes in older people: New insights and remaining challenges","volume":"3","author":"Sinclair","year":"2015","journal-title":"Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-8587(14)70148-2","article-title":"Glucose regulation, cognition, and brain MRI in type 2 diabetes: A systematic review","volume":"3","author":"Geijselaers","year":"2015","journal-title":"Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rau, C.S., Wu, S.C., Chen, Y.C., Chien, P.C., Hsieh, H.Y., Kuo, P.J., and Hsieh, C.H. (2018). Mortality Rate Associated with Admission Hyperglycemia in Traumatic Femoral Fracture Patients Is Greater Than Non-Diabetic Normoglycemic Patients but Not Diabetic Normoglycemic Patients. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph15010028"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4654","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2021.06.004","article-title":"The paradox of the glycemic gap: Does relative hypoglycemia exist in critically ill patients?","volume":"40","author":"Guo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1518","DOI":"10.1513\/AnnalsATS.201901-007OC","article-title":"The Glycemic Gap and 90-Day Mortality in Community-acquired Pneumonia A Prospective Cohort Study","volume":"16","author":"Jensen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ann. Am. Thorac. Soc."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lee, M., Lim, J.S., Kim, Y., Lee, J.H., Kim, C.H., Lee, S.H., Jang, M.U., Oh, M.S., Lee, B.C., and Yu, K.H. (2021). Effects of Glycemic Gap on Post-Stroke Cognitive Impairment in Acute Ischemic Stroke Patients. Brain Sci., 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci11050612"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1111\/ggi.13191","article-title":"Advantages of care for patients with hip fractures in the acute geriatric unit: Hip study Anoia","volume":"18","author":"Duaso","year":"2018","journal-title":"Geriatr. Gerontol. Int."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1007\/s40520-017-0736-5","article-title":"Preoperative exercise capacity is associated with the prevalence of postoperative delirium in elective cardiac surgery","volume":"30","author":"Ogawa","year":"2018","journal-title":"Aging Clin. Exp. Res."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"505","DOI":"10.1016\/j.athoracsur.2018.03.010","article-title":"Preoperative 6-Minute Walk Distance Is Associated With Postoperative Cognitive Dysfunction","volume":"106","author":"Hayashi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ann. Thorac. Surg."},{"key":"ref_56","first-page":"127","article-title":"Effect of Exercise Intervention on Functional Decline in Very Elderly Patients During Acute Hospitalization: A Randomized Clinical Trial (vol 179, pg 28, 2018)","volume":"179","year":"2019","journal-title":"JAMA Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e811","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000006954","article-title":"Physical activity, common brain pathologies, and cognition in community-dwelling older adults","volume":"92","author":"Buchman","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-5415.2010.03236.x","article-title":"Physical activity in U.S. older adults with diabetes mellitus: Prevalence and correlates of meeting physical activity recommendations","volume":"59","author":"Zhao","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Am. Geriatr. Soc."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2643","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehv308","article-title":"Replacing sitting time with standing or stepping: Associations with cardio-metabolic risk biomarkers","volume":"36","author":"Healy","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"791","DOI":"10.1136\/thoraxjnl-2019-214019","article-title":"Performance at stair-climbing test is associated with postoperative complications after lung resection: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"75","author":"Boujibar","year":"2020","journal-title":"Thorax"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1184","DOI":"10.1097\/ALN.0000000000003523","article-title":"Brief Preoperative Screening for Frailty and Cognitive Impairment Predicts Delirium after Spine Surgery","volume":"133","author":"Susano","year":"2020","journal-title":"Anesthesiology"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, H., Jiao, J., Zhu, C., Zhu, M., Wen, X., Jin, J., Wang, H., Lv, D., Zhao, S., and Wu, X. (2020). Potential associated factors of functional disability in Chinese older inpatients: A multicenter cross-sectional study. BMC Geriatr., 20.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12877-020-01738-x"}],"container-title":["Brain Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-3425\/12\/7\/951\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T23:54:56Z","timestamp":1760140496000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-3425\/12\/7\/951"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,20]]},"references-count":62,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,7]]}},"alternative-id":["brainsci12070951"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/brainsci12070951","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-3425"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-3425","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,20]]}}}