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However, it remains unclear whether the impairment of inhibitory control in MUD is proactive, reactive or both. To address this issue, the current study used the conditional stop-signal task to assess proactive and reactive inhibitory control in 35 MUD patients with long-term abstinence and 35 matched healthy controls. The results showed that MUD patients with long-term abstinence had greater preparation costs than healthy controls, but did not differ in performance, implying a less efficient utilization of proactive inhibitory control. In contrast, MUD patients exhibited intact reactive inhibitory control; reactive but not proactive inhibitory control was associated with high sensation seeking in MUD patients with long-term abstinence. These findings suggest that proactive and reactive inhibitory control may be two different important endophenotypes of addiction in MUD patients with long-term abstinence. The current study provides new insight into the uses of proactive and reactive inhibitory control to effectively evaluate and precisely treat MUD patients with long-term abstinence.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci12080974","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,24]],"date-time":"2022-07-24T22:49:02Z","timestamp":1658702942000},"page":"974","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Patients with Methamphetamine Use Disorder Show Highly Utilized Proactive Inhibitory Control and Intact Reactive Inhibitory Control with Long-Term Abstinence"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9081-8505","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Weine","family":"Dai","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"CAS Key Laboratory of Behavioral Science, Institute of Psychology, Beijing 100101, China"},{"name":"Sino-Danish College, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 101408, China"},{"name":"Department of Nuclear Medicine and PET Center, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University and University Hospital, 8200 Aarhus N, Denmark"},{"name":"Sino-Danish Center for Education and Research, Beijing 101408, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1622-3711","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hui","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CAS Key Laboratory of Behavioral Science, Institute of Psychology, Beijing 100101, China"},{"name":"Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0061-2774","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Arne","family":"M\u00f8ller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nuclear Medicine and PET Center, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University and University Hospital, 8200 Aarhus N, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ping","family":"Wei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Beijing Key Laboratory of Learning and Cognition, School of Psychology, Capital Normal University, Beijing 100048, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kesong","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, Lake Superior State University, Sault St. Marie, MI 49783, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kezhuang","family":"Feng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hebei Female Drug Rehabilitation Center, Shijiazhuang 050000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jie","family":"Han","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hebei Female Drug Rehabilitation Center, Shijiazhuang 050000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2678-9594","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Qi","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Beijing Key Laboratory of Learning and Cognition, School of Psychology, Capital Normal University, Beijing 100048, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1366-8926","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xun","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CAS Key Laboratory of Behavioral Science, Institute of Psychology, Beijing 100101, China"},{"name":"Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"963","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn1539","article-title":"Drug addiction: The neurobiology of behaviour gone awry","volume":"5","author":"Volkow","year":"2004","journal-title":"Nat. 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