{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T15:46:59Z","timestamp":1790696819268,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":85,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,30]],"date-time":"2022-07-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1659139200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"French Ministry of Health","award":["AOM12390"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AOM12390"]}]},{"name":"Delegation de la Recherche Clinique et de l\u2019Innovation (DRCI) from the Assistance Publique-H\u00f4pitaux de Paris (APHP)","award":["AOM12390"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AOM12390"]}]},{"name":"FHU NOR-SUD","award":["AOM12390"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AOM12390"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Brain Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Introduction: Cocaine use disorder is a chronic disease with severe consequences and a high relapse rate. There is a critical need to explore the factors influencing relapse in order to achieve more efficient treatment outcomes. Furthermore, there is a great need for easy-to-measure, repeatable, and valid biomarkers that can predict treatment response or relapse. Methods: We reviewed the available literature on the Pubmed database concerning the biomarkers associated with relapse in CUD, including central nervous system-derived, genetic, immune, oxidative stress, and \u201cother\u201d biomarkers. Results: Fifty-one articles were included in our analysis. Twenty-five imaging brain anatomic and function assessment studies, mostly using fMRI, examined the role of several structures such as the striatum activity in abstinence prediction. There were fewer studies assessing the use of neuropsychological factors, neurotrophins, or genetic\/genomic factors, immune system, or oxidative stress measures to predict abstinence. Conclusion: Several biomarkers have been shown to have predictive value. Prospective studies using combined multimodal assessments are now warranted.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci12081013","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,31]],"date-time":"2022-07-31T21:49:02Z","timestamp":1659304142000},"page":"1013","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":32,"title":["Biomarkers of Relapse in Cocaine Use Disorder: A Narrative Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Margaux","family":"Poireau","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"D\u00e9partement de Pharmacie, Universit\u00e9 de Paris Cit\u00e9, Inserm UMR-S 1144, Optimisation Th\u00e9rapeutique en Neurospsychopharmacologie, OTeN, F-75006 Paris, France"},{"name":"D\u00e9partement de Psychiatrie et M\u00e9decine Addictologique, H\u00f4pital Fernand Widal, Assistance Publique\u2013H\u00f4pitaux de Paris Nord, 75010 Paris, France"},{"name":"F\u00e9d\u00e9ration Hospitalo-Universitaire Network of Research in Substance Use Disorders, 75010 Paris, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas","family":"Milpied","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"D\u00e9partement de Pharmacie, Universit\u00e9 de Paris Cit\u00e9, Inserm UMR-S 1144, Optimisation Th\u00e9rapeutique en Neurospsychopharmacologie, OTeN, F-75006 Paris, France"},{"name":"D\u00e9partement de Psychiatrie et M\u00e9decine Addictologique, H\u00f4pital Fernand Widal, Assistance Publique\u2013H\u00f4pitaux de Paris Nord, 75010 Paris, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6952-2814","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ang\u00e9line","family":"Maillard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"D\u00e9partement de Pharmacie, Universit\u00e9 de Paris Cit\u00e9, Inserm UMR-S 1144, Optimisation Th\u00e9rapeutique en Neurospsychopharmacologie, OTeN, F-75006 Paris, France"},{"name":"D\u00e9partement de Psychiatrie et M\u00e9decine Addictologique, H\u00f4pital Fernand Widal, Assistance Publique\u2013H\u00f4pitaux de Paris Nord, 75010 Paris, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christine","family":"Delmaire","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"D\u00e9partement de Pharmacie, Universit\u00e9 de Paris Cit\u00e9, Inserm UMR-S 1144, Optimisation Th\u00e9rapeutique en Neurospsychopharmacologie, OTeN, F-75006 Paris, France"},{"name":"Service de Neuroradiologie, Fondation Ophtalmologique Rothschild, 75019 Paris, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8420-4155","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emmanuelle","family":"Volle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"FrontLab at Paris Brain Institute (ICM), Sorbonne University, Inserm, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, 75013 Paris, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Frank","family":"Bellivier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"D\u00e9partement de Pharmacie, Universit\u00e9 de Paris Cit\u00e9, Inserm UMR-S 1144, Optimisation Th\u00e9rapeutique en Neurospsychopharmacologie, OTeN, F-75006 Paris, France"},{"name":"D\u00e9partement de Psychiatrie et M\u00e9decine Addictologique, H\u00f4pital Fernand Widal, Assistance Publique\u2013H\u00f4pitaux de Paris Nord, 75010 Paris, France"},{"name":"F\u00e9d\u00e9ration Hospitalo-Universitaire Network of Research in Substance Use Disorders, 75010 Paris, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5078-4048","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Romain","family":"Icick","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"D\u00e9partement de Pharmacie, Universit\u00e9 de Paris Cit\u00e9, Inserm UMR-S 1144, Optimisation Th\u00e9rapeutique en Neurospsychopharmacologie, OTeN, F-75006 Paris, France"},{"name":"D\u00e9partement de Psychiatrie et M\u00e9decine Addictologique, H\u00f4pital Fernand Widal, Assistance Publique\u2013H\u00f4pitaux de Paris Nord, 75010 Paris, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julien","family":"Azuar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"D\u00e9partement de Pharmacie, Universit\u00e9 de Paris Cit\u00e9, Inserm UMR-S 1144, Optimisation Th\u00e9rapeutique en Neurospsychopharmacologie, OTeN, F-75006 Paris, France"},{"name":"D\u00e9partement de Psychiatrie et M\u00e9decine Addictologique, H\u00f4pital Fernand Widal, Assistance Publique\u2013H\u00f4pitaux de Paris Nord, 75010 Paris, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2282-134X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cynthia","family":"Marie-Claire","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"D\u00e9partement de Pharmacie, Universit\u00e9 de Paris Cit\u00e9, Inserm UMR-S 1144, Optimisation Th\u00e9rapeutique en Neurospsychopharmacologie, OTeN, F-75006 Paris, France"},{"name":"F\u00e9d\u00e9ration Hospitalo-Universitaire Network of Research in Substance Use Disorders, 75010 Paris, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2582-6349","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vanessa","family":"Bloch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"D\u00e9partement de Pharmacie, Universit\u00e9 de Paris Cit\u00e9, Inserm UMR-S 1144, Optimisation Th\u00e9rapeutique en Neurospsychopharmacologie, OTeN, F-75006 Paris, France"},{"name":"F\u00e9d\u00e9ration Hospitalo-Universitaire Network of Research in Substance Use Disorders, 75010 Paris, France"},{"name":"Assistance Publique\u2013H\u00f4pitaux de Paris Nord, Service de Pharmacie, H\u00f4pital Fernand Widal, 75010 Paris, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5168-3727","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Florence","family":"Vorspan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"D\u00e9partement de Pharmacie, Universit\u00e9 de Paris Cit\u00e9, Inserm UMR-S 1144, Optimisation Th\u00e9rapeutique en Neurospsychopharmacologie, OTeN, F-75006 Paris, France"},{"name":"D\u00e9partement de Psychiatrie et M\u00e9decine Addictologique, H\u00f4pital Fernand Widal, Assistance Publique\u2013H\u00f4pitaux de Paris Nord, 75010 Paris, France"},{"name":"F\u00e9d\u00e9ration Hospitalo-Universitaire Network of Research in Substance Use Disorders, 75010 Paris, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"294","article-title":"Cocaine Addiction","volume":"68","author":"Pitchot","year":"2013","journal-title":"Rev. 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