{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]],"date-time":"2026-04-28T15:24:10Z","timestamp":1777389850889,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,5]],"date-time":"2022-08-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1659657600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000025","name":"NIH","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R15HD082638"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R15HD082638"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000025","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000025","name":"NIH","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R15MH119500"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R15MH119500"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000025","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000025","name":"NIH","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RO1MH118209"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RO1MH118209"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000025","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000025","name":"NIH","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RO1HD090214"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RO1HD090214"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000025","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000025","name":"NIH","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R21MH116383"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R21MH116383"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000025","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000025","name":"NIH","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R21ES025560"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R21ES025560"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000025","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"the CTSC Pilot Translational and Clinical Studies Program","award":["R15HD082638"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R15HD082638"]}]},{"name":"the CTSC Pilot Translational and Clinical Studies Program","award":["R15MH119500"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R15MH119500"]}]},{"name":"the CTSC Pilot Translational and Clinical Studies Program","award":["RO1MH118209"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RO1MH118209"]}]},{"name":"the CTSC Pilot Translational and Clinical Studies Program","award":["RO1HD090214"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RO1HD090214"]}]},{"name":"the CTSC Pilot Translational and Clinical Studies Program","award":["R21MH116383"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R21MH116383"]}]},{"name":"the CTSC Pilot Translational and Clinical Studies Program","award":["R21ES025560"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R21ES025560"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Brain Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a class of neurodevelopmental disorders characterized by impaired social interactions and communication skills and repetitive or stereotyped behaviors. Rates of ASD diagnosis continue to rise, with current estimates at 1 in 44 children in the US (Maenner 2021). Epidemiological studies have suggested a link between maternal allergic asthma and an increased likelihood of having a child diagnosed with ASD. However, a lack of robust laboratory models prevents mechanistic research from being carried out. We developed a novel mouse model of maternal asthma-allergy (MAA) and previously reported that offspring from these mothers exhibit behavioral deficits compared to controls. In addition, it was shown that epigenetic regulation of gene expression in microglia was altered in these offspring, including several autism candidate genes. To further elucidate if there is neuroinflammation in the fetus following MAA, we investigated how allergic asthma impacts the maternal environment and inflammatory markers in the placenta and fetal brain during gestation. Female C57Bl\/6 mice were primed with ovalbumin (OVA) prior to allergic asthma induction during pregnancy by administering aerosolized ovalbumin or PBS control to pregnant dams at gestational days (GD)9.5, 12.5, and 17.5. Four hours after the final induction, placenta and fetal brains were collected and measured for changes in cytokines using a Luminex bead-based multiplex assay. Placental MAA tissue showed a decrease in interleukin (IL)-17 in male and female offspring. There was a sex-dependent decrease in female monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 (MCP-1). In male placentas, IL-4, C\u2013X\u2013C motif chemokine 10 (CXCL10)\u2014also known as interferon \u03b3-induced protein 10 kDa (IP-10)\u2014and chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 5 (RANTES) were decreased. In fetal brains, elevated inflammatory cytokines were found in MAA offspring when compared to controls. Specifically, interferon-gamma (IFN-\u03b3), granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), interleukin 1\u03b1 (IL-1\u03b1), IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor \u03b1 (TNF\u03b1) were elevated in both males and females. In contrast, a decrease in the cytokine IL-9 was also observed. There were slight sex differences after OVA exposures. Male fetal brains showed elevated levels of macrophage inflammatory protein-2 (MIP-2), whereas female brains showed increased keratinocytes-derived chemokine (KC). In addition, IL-1\ud835\udefd and IP-10 in male fetal brains were decreased. Together, these data indicate that repeated exposure to allergic asthma during pregnancy alters cytokine expression in the fetal environment in a sex-dependent way, resulting in homeostatic and neuroinflammatory alterations in the fetal brain.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci12081041","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,7]],"date-time":"2022-08-07T21:03:50Z","timestamp":1659906230000},"page":"1041","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":26,"title":["Maternal Allergic Asthma Induces Prenatal Neuroinflammation"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6450-4836","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Juan M.","family":"Tamayo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, Davis, CA 95817, USA"},{"name":"The M.I.N.D. Institute, University of California Davis, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Destanie","family":"Rose","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, Davis, CA 95817, USA"},{"name":"The M.I.N.D. Institute, University of California Davis, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jamie S.","family":"Church","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Program in Neuroscience and Behavior, Department of Psychology and Education, Mount Holyoke College, 50 College Street, South Hadley, MA 01075, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jared J.","family":"Schwartzer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Program in Neuroscience and Behavior, Department of Psychology and Education, Mount Holyoke College, 50 College Street, South Hadley, MA 01075, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Paul","family":"Ashwood","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, Davis, CA 95817, USA"},{"name":"The M.I.N.D. Institute, University of California Davis, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Prevalence and Characteristics of Autism Spectrum Disorder Among Children Aged 8 Years\u2014Autism and Developmental Disabilities Monitoring Network, 11 Sites, United States, 2018","volume":"70","author":"Maenner","year":"2021","journal-title":"Morb. Mortal. Wkly. Rep. Surveill. Summ."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"904","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2011.10101532","article-title":"Prevalence of Autism Spectrum Disorders in a Total Population Sample","volume":"168","author":"Kim","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am. J. 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