{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,2]],"date-time":"2026-06-02T11:00:28Z","timestamp":1780398028978,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,16]],"date-time":"2022-08-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1660608000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002947","name":"Anhui Academy of Translational Medicine","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2021zhyx-C50"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021zhyx-C50"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002947","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Brain Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>(1) Objective: To investigate the feasibility, safety, and effectiveness of a brain\u2013computer interface (BCI) system with visual and motor feedback in limb and brain function rehabilitation after stroke. (2) Methods: First, we recruited three hemiplegic stroke patients to perform rehabilitation training using a BCI system with visual and motor feedback for two consecutive days (four sessions) to verify the feasibility and safety of the system. Then, we recruited five other hemiplegic stroke patients for rehabilitation training (6 days a week, lasting for 12\u201314 days) using the same BCI system to verify the effectiveness. The mean and Cohen\u2019s w were used to compare the changes in limb motor and brain functions before and after training. (3) Results: In the feasibility verification, the continuous motor state switching time (CMSST) of the three patients was 17.8 \u00b1 21.0s, and the motor state percentages (MSPs) in the upper and lower limb training were 52.6 \u00b1 25.7% and 72.4 \u00b1 24.0%, respectively. The effective training revolutions (ETRs) per minute were 25.8 \u00b1 13.0 for upper limb and 24.8 \u00b1 6.4 for lower limb. There were no adverse events during the training process. Compared with the baseline, the motor function indices of the five patients were improved, including sitting balance ability, upper limb Fugel\u2013Meyer assessment (FMA), lower limb FMA, 6 min walking distance, modified Barthel index, and root mean square (RMS) value of triceps surae, which increased by 0.4, 8.0, 5.4, 11.4, 7.0, and 0.9, respectively, and all had large effect sizes (Cohen\u2019s w \u2265 0.5). The brain function indices of the five patients, including the amplitudes of the motor evoked potentials (MEP) on the non-lesion side and lesion side, increased by 3.6 and 3.7, respectively; the latency of MEP on the non-lesion side was shortened by 2.6 ms, and all had large effect sizes (Cohen\u2019s w \u2265 0.5). (4) Conclusions: The BCI system with visual and motor feedback is applicable in active rehabilitation training of stroke patients with hemiplegia, and the pilot results show potential multidimensional benefits after a short course of treatment.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci12081083","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,16]],"date-time":"2022-08-16T23:44:25Z","timestamp":1660693465000},"page":"1083","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Application of a Brain\u2013Computer Interface System with Visual and Motor Feedback in Limb and Brain Functional Rehabilitation after Stroke: Case Report"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0750-1487","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wen","family":"Gao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The Second Hospital of Anhui Medical University, No. 678 Furong Road, Economic and Technological Development Zone, Hefei 230601, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhengzhe","family":"Cui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Zhejiang Laboratory, Department of Intelligent Robot, Keji Avenue, Yuhang Zone, Hangzhou 311100, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yang","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The Second Hospital of Anhui Medical University, No. 678 Furong Road, Economic and Technological Development Zone, Hefei 230601, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jing","family":"Mao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The Second Hospital of Anhui Medical University, No. 678 Furong Road, Economic and Technological Development Zone, Hefei 230601, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jun","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The Second Hospital of Anhui Medical University, No. 678 Furong Road, Economic and Technological Development Zone, Hefei 230601, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Leilei","family":"Ji","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The Second Hospital of Anhui Medical University, No. 678 Furong Road, Economic and Technological Development Zone, Hefei 230601, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiuli","family":"Kan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The Second Hospital of Anhui Medical University, No. 678 Furong Road, Economic and Technological Development Zone, Hefei 230601, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xianshan","family":"Shen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The Second Hospital of Anhui Medical University, No. 678 Furong Road, Economic and Technological Development Zone, Hefei 230601, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xueming","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The Second Hospital of Anhui Medical University, No. 678 Furong Road, Economic and Technological Development Zone, Hefei 230601, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shiqiang","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Zhejiang Laboratory, Department of Intelligent Robot, Keji Avenue, Yuhang Zone, Hangzhou 311100, China"},{"name":"Ocean College, Zhejiang University, No. 866 Yuhangtang Road, Xihu Zone, Hangzhou 310030, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yongfeng","family":"Hong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The Second Hospital of Anhui Medical University, No. 678 Furong Road, Economic and Technological Development Zone, Hefei 230601, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(13)61953-4","article-title":"Global and regional burden of stroke during 1990\u20132010: Findings from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010","volume":"383","author":"Feigin","year":"2014","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(15)00551-6","article-title":"Cause-specific mortality for 240 causes in China during 1990\u20132013: A systematic subnational analysis for the Global 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