{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,12]],"date-time":"2026-09-12T08:50:15Z","timestamp":1789203015121,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":63,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,3]],"date-time":"2022-09-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1662163200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"European Research Council (ERC)","award":["764604, TIN-ACT"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["764604, TIN-ACT"]}]},{"name":"European Research Council (ERC)","award":["91218033"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["91218033"]}]},{"name":"European Union\u2019s Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation Programme","award":["764604, TIN-ACT"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["764604, TIN-ACT"]}]},{"name":"European Union\u2019s Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation Programme","award":["91218033"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["91218033"]}]},{"name":"Heinsius Houbolt Foundation","award":["764604, TIN-ACT"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["764604, TIN-ACT"]}]},{"name":"Heinsius Houbolt Foundation","award":["91218033"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["91218033"]}]},{"name":"Netherlands Organization for Health Research and Development (ZonMW)","award":["764604, TIN-ACT"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["764604, TIN-ACT"]}]},{"name":"Netherlands Organization for Health Research and Development (ZonMW)","award":["91218033"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["91218033"]}]},{"name":"American Tinnitus Associate under the Innovative Grants Research Program","award":["764604, TIN-ACT"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["764604, TIN-ACT"]}]},{"name":"American Tinnitus Associate under the Innovative Grants Research Program","award":["91218033"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["91218033"]}]},{"name":"Dorhout Mees Family Foundation","award":["764604, TIN-ACT"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["764604, TIN-ACT"]}]},{"name":"Dorhout Mees Family Foundation","award":["91218033"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["91218033"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Brain Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Previous voxel-based morphometry (VBM) studies investigating tinnitus have reported structural differences in a variety of spatially distinct gray matter regions. However, the results have been highly inconsistent and sometimes contradictory. In the current study, we conducted a combined image- and coordinate-based meta-analysis of VBM studies investigating tinnitus to identify robust gray matter differences associated with tinnitus, as well as examine the possible effects of hearing loss on the outcome of the meta-analysis. The PubMed and Web of Science databases were searched for studies published up to August 2021. Additional manual searches were conducted for studies published up to December 2021. A whole-brain meta-analysis was performed using Seed-Based d Mapping with Permutation of Subject Images (SDM-PSI). Fifteen studies comprising 423 individuals with tinnitus and either normal hearing or hearing loss (mean age 50.94 years; 173 females) and 508 individuals without tinnitus and either normal hearing or hearing loss (mean age 51.59 years; 234 females) met the inclusion criteria. We found a small but significant reduction in gray matter in the left inferior temporal gyrus for groups of normal hearing individuals with tinnitus compared to groups of hearing-matched individuals without tinnitus. In sharp contrast, in groups with hearing loss, tinnitus was associated with increased gray matter levels in the bilateral lingual gyrus and the bilateral precuneus. Those results were dependent upon matching the hearing levels between the groups with or without tinnitus. The current investigation suggests that hearing loss is the driving force of changes in cortical gray matter across individuals with and without tinnitus. Future studies should carefully account for confounders, including hearing loss, hyperacusis, anxiety, and depression, to identify gray matter changes specifically related to tinnitus. Ultimately, the aggregation of standardized individual datasets with both anatomical and useful phenotypical information will permit a better understanding of tinnitus-related gray matter differences, the effects of potential comorbidities, and their interactions with tinnitus.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci12091192","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,5]],"date-time":"2022-09-05T20:48:25Z","timestamp":1662410905000},"page":"1192","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["A Combined Image- and Coordinate-Based Meta-Analysis of Whole-Brain Voxel-Based Morphometry Studies Investigating Subjective Tinnitus"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3435-6198","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Punitkumar","family":"Makani","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otorhinolaryngology\u2013Head and Neck Surgery, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, P.O. Box 30.001, 9700 RB Groningen, The Netherlands"},{"name":"Graduate School of Medical Sciences (Research School of Behavioral and Cognitive Neurosciences), University of Groningen, FA30, P.O. Box 196, 9700 AD Groningen, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5484-8467","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marc","family":"Thioux","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otorhinolaryngology\u2013Head and Neck Surgery, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, P.O. Box 30.001, 9700 RB Groningen, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1873-2707","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sonja J.","family":"Pyott","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otorhinolaryngology\u2013Head and Neck Surgery, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, P.O. Box 30.001, 9700 RB Groningen, The Netherlands"},{"name":"Graduate School of Medical Sciences (Research School of Behavioral and Cognitive Neurosciences), University of Groningen, FA30, P.O. Box 196, 9700 AD Groningen, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pim","family":"van Dijk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otorhinolaryngology\u2013Head and Neck Surgery, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, P.O. Box 30.001, 9700 RB Groningen, The Netherlands"},{"name":"Graduate School of Medical Sciences (Research School of Behavioral and Cognitive Neurosciences), University of Groningen, FA30, P.O. Box 196, 9700 AD Groningen, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1600","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(13)60142-7","article-title":"Tinnitus","volume":"382","author":"Baguley","year":"2013","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heares.2016.05.009","article-title":"A systematic review of the reporting of tinnitus prevalence and severity","volume":"337","author":"McCormack","year":"2016","journal-title":"Hear. Res."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"959","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaoto.2016.1700","article-title":"Tinnitus Epidemiology: Prevalence, Severity, Exposures And Treatment Patterns In The United States","volume":"142","author":"Bhatt","year":"2016","journal-title":"JAMA Otolaryngol. 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