{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,8]],"date-time":"2026-06-08T00:48:02Z","timestamp":1780879682913,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,24]],"date-time":"2022-09-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1663977600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Italian Ministry of Health \u201cRicerca Corrente\u201d","award":["27773798"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["27773798"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Brain Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Restless sleep disorder affects children and is characterized by frequent nocturnal movements, iron deficiency, and daytime symptoms such as poor school performance or behavioral problems. Although sleep parameters have been thoroughly studied and daytime sleepiness has been previously assessed, neurocognitive and executive functions have not. In this study, we evaluated neurocognitive functions in a group of 13 children diagnosed with restless sleep disorder using the National Institute of Health Toolbox (NIH toolbox). The mean age was 10.62 (S.D. 2.785). Among them, seven were male and six were female. The fully corrected T-scores (adjusted for demographic variables: age, ethnicity, and education level) showed the lowest values for the Flanker test (selective attention) and dimensional change card sorting test (cognitive flexibility and inhibitory control), with a very large effect size vs. the corresponding expected frequencies. For all the other tests, the average scores were 50; however, individual children scored low on pattern recognition and two composite scores (fluid and total). In conclusion, these data support the fact that cognitive functions are affected in children with restless sleep disorder, especially selective attention. Clinicians must recognize sleep disorders and daytime impairment in order to promptly intervene and prevent cognitive impairments.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci12101289","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,25]],"date-time":"2022-09-25T21:14:28Z","timestamp":1664140468000},"page":"1289","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Assessment of Executive and Cognitive Functions in Children with Restless Sleep Disorder: A Pilot Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3349-8426","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lourdes M.","family":"DelRosso","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Clinical and Translational Research, University of Washington, Seattle Children\u2019s Hospital, Seattle, WA 98105, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5605-4567","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"German","family":"Vega-Flores","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Internacional de Valencia, 46002 Valencia, Spain"},{"name":"Educaci\u00f3n, Universidad Internacional de La Rioja, 26006 Logro\u00f1o, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6937-3065","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Raffaele","family":"Ferri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sleep Research Centre, Oasi Research Institute\u2014IRCCS, 94018 Troina, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6662-2281","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria P.","family":"Mogavero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Molecular Bioimaging and Physiology, National Research Council, Segrate, 20054 Milan, Italy"},{"name":"Sleep Disorders Center, Division of Neuroscience, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20127 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1453-6434","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Adele","family":"Diamond","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience Program, Department of Psychiatry, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chc.2018.11.010","article-title":"Promoting Mental Health and Wellness in Youth through Physical Activity, Nutrition, and Sleep","volume":"28","author":"Hosker","year":"2019","journal-title":"Child Adolesc. 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