{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,2]],"date-time":"2025-11-02T07:22:23Z","timestamp":1762068143976,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,26]],"date-time":"2022-09-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1664150400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"JSPS KAKENHI","award":["JP19H05723","JP20H04492"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JP19H05723","JP20H04492"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Brain Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Previous studies have revealed drastic changes in motor processing in individuals with congenital or acquired limb deficiencies and dysfunction. However, little is known about whether their brains also exhibit characteristic proprioceptive processing. Using functional magnetic resonance imaging, we examined the brain activity characteristics of four individuals with congenital or acquired paraplegia (paraplegic group) who underwent long-term wheelchair sports training, when they passively experienced a right-hand movement (passive task) and when they actively performed a right-hand motor task (active task), compared to 37 able-bodied individuals (control group). Compared with the control group, the paraplegic group showed significantly greater activity in the foot section of the left primary motor cortex and in the inferior frontoparietal proprioceptive network during the passive task. In the paraplegic group, the left intraparietal sulcus region was activated during the passive task, but suppressed during the active task, which was not observed in the control group. This shows the facilitation of hand proprioceptive processing and unique usage of the intraparietal sulcus region in proprioceptive motor processing in the brains of paraplegic individuals with long-term wheelchair sports training.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci12101295","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,27]],"date-time":"2022-09-27T21:23:27Z","timestamp":1664313807000},"page":"1295","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Facilitation of Hand Proprioceptive Processing in Paraplegic Individuals with Long-Term Wheelchair Sports Training"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0916-205X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tomoyo","family":"Morita","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Information and Neural Networks (CiNet), Advanced ICT Research Institute, National Institute of Information and Communications Technology (NICT), Osaka 565-0871, Japan"},{"name":"Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Eiichi","family":"Naito","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Information and Neural Networks (CiNet), Advanced ICT Research Institute, National Institute of Information and Communications Technology (NICT), Osaka 565-0871, Japan"},{"name":"Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3918","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1460-9568.1998.00454.x","article-title":"How does the human brain deal with a spinal cord injury?","volume":"10","author":"Bruehlmeier","year":"1998","journal-title":"Eur. J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2268","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/124.11.2268","article-title":"Phantom movements and pain. An fMRI study in upper limb amputees","volume":"124","author":"Lotze","year":"2001","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"183","article-title":"Reorganization in the primary motor cortex after spinal cord injury\u2014A functional Magnetic Resonance (fMRI) study","volume":"14","author":"Lotze","year":"1999","journal-title":"Restor. Neurol. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"794","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.58.5.794","article-title":"Adaptation in the motor cortex following cervical spinal cord injury","volume":"58","author":"Mikulis","year":"2002","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2395","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0803733106","article-title":"Congenitally altered motor experience alters somatotopic organization of human primary motor cortex","volume":"106","author":"Stoeckel","year":"2009","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1350","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2017.03.053","article-title":"Representation of Multiple Body Parts in the Missing-Hand Territory of Congenital One-Handers","volume":"27","author":"Hahamy","year":"2017","journal-title":"Curr. Biol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9328","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.2599-18.2019","article-title":"Remapping in Cerebral and Cerebellar Cortices Is Not Restricted by Somatotopy","volume":"39","author":"Hahamy","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102144","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nicl.2019.102144","article-title":"Cortical reorganization of lower-limb motor representations in an elite archery athlete with congenital amputation of both arms","volume":"25","author":"Nakagawa","year":"2020","journal-title":"NeuroImage Clin."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"780652","DOI":"10.3389\/fnsys.2022.780652","article-title":"Hyper-Adaptation in the Human Brain: Functional and Structural Changes in the Foot Section of the Primary Motor Cortex in a Top Wheelchair Racing Paralympian","volume":"16","author":"Morita","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Syst. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3476","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1460-9568.2007.05587.x","article-title":"Human limb-specific and non-limb-specific brain representations during kinesthetic illusory movements of the upper and lower extremities","volume":"25","author":"Naito","year":"2007","journal-title":"Eur. J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119081","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2022.119081","article-title":"Across the adult lifespan the ipsilateral sensorimotor cortex negative BOLD response exhibits decreases in magnitude and spatial extent suggesting declining inhibitory control","volume":"253","author":"Mayhew","year":"2022","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2016.01.017","article-title":"Importance of human right inferior frontoparietal network connected by inferior branch of superior longitudinal fasciculus tract in corporeal awareness of kinesthetic illusory movement","volume":"78","author":"Amemiya","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cortex"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"288","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2017.02.031","article-title":"Self-face recognition shares brain regions active during proprioceptive illusion in the right inferior fronto-parietal superior longitudinal fasciculus iii network","volume":"348","author":"Morita","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1020","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00637.2004","article-title":"Dominance of the right hemisphere and role of area 2 in human kinesthesia","volume":"93","author":"Naito","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neures.2015.10.013","article-title":"Body representations in the human brain revealed by kinesthetic illusions and their essential contributions to motor control and corporeal awareness","volume":"104","author":"Naito","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neurosci. Res."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5385","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhx223","article-title":"Development of Right-hemispheric Dominance of Inferior Parietal Lobule in Proprioceptive Illusion Task","volume":"27","author":"Naito","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cereb. Cortex"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1016\/0028-3932(71)90067-4","article-title":"The assessment and analysis of handedness: The Edinburgh inventory","volume":"9","author":"Oldfield","year":"1971","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"482","DOI":"10.1076\/clin.12.4.482.7241","article-title":"Comparing an Individual\u2019s Test Score against Norms Derived from Small Samples","volume":"12","author":"Crawford","year":"1998","journal-title":"Clin. Neuropsychol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1144","DOI":"10.1002\/mrm.22361","article-title":"Multiband multislice GE-EPI at 7 tesla, with 16-fold acceleration using partial parallel imaging with application to high spatial and temporal whole-brain fMRI","volume":"63","author":"Moeller","year":"2010","journal-title":"Magn. Reson. Med."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"842","DOI":"10.1080\/01691864.2021.1886168","article-title":"Examination of the development and aging of brain deactivation using a unimanual motor task","volume":"35","author":"Morita","year":"2021","journal-title":"Adv. Robot."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shorvon, S.D., Fish, D.R., Andermann, F., Bydder, G.M., and Stefan, H. (1994). An MRI-based probabilistic atlas of neuroanatomy. Magnetic Resonance Scanning and Epilepsy, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4615-2546-2"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1006\/nimg.1995.1007","article-title":"Analysis of fMRI time-series revisited","volume":"2","author":"Friston","year":"1995","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1006\/nimg.1995.1023","article-title":"Analysis of fMRI time-series revisited\u2014Again","volume":"2","author":"Worsley","year":"1995","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"302","DOI":"10.1006\/nimg.1998.0367","article-title":"The inferential impact of global signal covariates in functional neuroimaging analyses","volume":"8","author":"Aguirre","year":"1998","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S754","DOI":"10.1016\/S1053-8119(18)31587-8","article-title":"Generalisability, Random Effects & Population Inference","volume":"7","author":"Holmes","year":"1998","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.1058","article-title":"Nonparametric permutation tests for functional neuroimaging: A primer with examples","volume":"15","author":"Nichols","year":"2002","journal-title":"Hum. Brain Mapp."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1325","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2004.12.034","article-title":"A new SPM toolbox for combining probabilistic cytoarchitectonic maps and functional imaging data","volume":"25","author":"Eickhoff","year":"2005","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-0193(1996)4:1<58::AID-HBM4>3.0.CO;2-O","article-title":"A unified statistical approach for determining significant signals in images of cerebral activation","volume":"4","author":"Worsley","year":"1996","journal-title":"Hum. Brain Mapp."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1006\/nimg.2001.0978","article-title":"Automated anatomical labeling of activations in SPM using a macroscopic anatomical parcellation of the MNI MRI single-subject brain","volume":"15","author":"Landeau","year":"2002","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18565","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1119125109","article-title":"Negative blood oxygenation level dependent homunculus and somatotopic information in primary motor cortex and supplementary motor area","volume":"109","author":"Zeharia","year":"2012","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22696","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-02173-7","article-title":"Bimanual digit training improves right-hand dexterity in older adults by reactivating declined ipsilateral motor-cortical inhibition","volume":"11","author":"Naito","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"400","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1460-9568.2001.01385.x","article-title":"Action observation activates premotor and parietal areas in a somatotopic manner: An fMRI study","volume":"13","author":"Buccino","year":"2001","journal-title":"Eur. J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2005.03.041","article-title":"Somatotopic organisation of the human insula to painful heat studied with high resolution functional imaging","volume":"27","author":"Brooks","year":"2005","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pain.2006.08.013","article-title":"Somatotopic organization of the processing of muscle and cutaneous pain in the left and right insula cortex: A single-trial fMRI study","volume":"128","author":"Henderson","year":"2007","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2349","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.5587-06.2007","article-title":"Dissociable intrinsic connectivity networks for salience processing and executive control","volume":"27","author":"Seeley","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"655","DOI":"10.1007\/s00429-010-0262-0","article-title":"Saliency, switching, attention and control: A network model of insula function","volume":"214","author":"Menon","year":"2010","journal-title":"Brain Struct. Funct."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropsychologia.2007.07.015","article-title":"Meta-analysis of Go\/No-Go tasks demonstrating that fMRI activation associated with response inhibition is task-dependent","volume":"46","author":"Simmonds","year":"2008","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Swick, D., Ashley, V., and Turken, A.U. (2008). Left inferior frontal gyrus is critical for response inhibition. BMC Neurosci., 9.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2202-9-102"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4065","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.24232","article-title":"Dissociations of cognitive inhibition, response inhibition, and emotional interference: Voxelwise ALE meta-analyses of fMRI studies","volume":"39","author":"Hung","year":"2018","journal-title":"Hum. Brain Mapp."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2509","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.2244-18.2019","article-title":"An Essential Role of the Intraparietal Sulcus in Response Inhibition Predicted by Parcellation-Based Network","volume":"39","author":"Osada","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."}],"container-title":["Brain Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-3425\/12\/10\/1295\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T00:39:37Z","timestamp":1760143177000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-3425\/12\/10\/1295"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,26]]},"references-count":40,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,10]]}},"alternative-id":["brainsci12101295"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/brainsci12101295","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-3425"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2076-3425"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,26]]}}}