{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,12]],"date-time":"2026-06-12T18:10:06Z","timestamp":1781287806403,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":65,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,6]],"date-time":"2022-10-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1665014400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Brain Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Post-traumatic headache (PTH) is the most common sequelae of traumatic brain injury (TBI). Its phenotypic variability, absence of formal evidence-based guidelines for treatment and underdiagnosis have made its management a challenge for clinicians. As a result, treatment of PTH has been mostly empiric. Although analgesics are the most popular drug of choice for PTH, they can present with several adverse effects and fail to address other psychosocial comorbidities associated with TBI. Non-pharmacological interventions thereby offer an intriguing alternative that can provide patients with PTH sustainable and effective care. This review article aims to: (1) provide an update on and describe different non-pharmacological interventions present in the recent literature; (2) provide clinical guidance to providers struggling with the management of patients with PTH; (3) emphasize the need for more high-quality trials examining the effectiveness of non-pharmacological treatments in patients with PTH. This review discusses 21 unique non-pharmacological treatments used for the management of PTH. Current knowledge of non-pharmacological interventions for the treatment of PTH is based on smaller scale studies, highlighting the need for larger randomized controlled trials to help establish formal evidence-based guidelines.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci12101357","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,8]],"date-time":"2022-10-08T00:07:43Z","timestamp":1665187663000},"page":"1357","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Update on Non-Pharmacological Interventions for Treatment of Post-Traumatic Headache"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6362-816X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Matthew J.","family":"Lee","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Hackensack Meridian School of Medicine, Nutley, NJ 07110, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7790-5057","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yi","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hackensack Meridian School of Medicine, Nutley, NJ 07110, USA"},{"name":"JFK Johnson Rehabilitation Institute, Edison, NJ 08820, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brian D.","family":"Greenwald","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hackensack Meridian School of Medicine, Nutley, NJ 07110, USA"},{"name":"JFK Johnson Rehabilitation Institute, Edison, NJ 08820, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Center for Disease Control (2022, September 04). Traumatic Brain Injury & Concussion: TBI Data, Available online: https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/traumaticbraininjury\/data\/index.html."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"292","DOI":"10.1007\/s11916-010-0117-7","article-title":"Posttraumatic Headache: A Review","volume":"14","author":"Seifert","year":"2010","journal-title":"Curr. Pain Headache Rep."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"726","DOI":"10.1111\/head.12087","article-title":"Sports Concussion and Associated Post-Traumatic Headache","volume":"53","author":"Seifert","year":"2013","journal-title":"Headache J. Head Face Pain"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pmrj.2011.06.003","article-title":"Systematic Review of Interventions for Post-traumatic Headache","volume":"4","author":"Watanabe","year":"2012","journal-title":"PM&R"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1186\/s10194-020-01135-0","article-title":"Persistent post-traumatic headache: A migrainous loop or not? The clinical evidence","volume":"21","author":"Benemei","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Headache Pain"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1007\/s11916-021-00970-3","article-title":"Models for Treating Post-traumatic Headache","volume":"25","author":"Kamins","year":"2021","journal-title":"Curr. Pain Headache Rep."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2209","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-05187-x","article-title":"Characterization of persistent post-traumatic headache and management strategies in adolescents and young adults following mild traumatic brain injury","volume":"12","author":"Kothari","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1007\/s11910-016-0697-7","article-title":"Post-Concussive Syndrome: A Focus on Post-Traumatic Headache and Related Cognitive, Psychiatric, and Sleep Issues","volume":"16","author":"Minen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Curr. Neurol. Neurosci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"567","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-444-63521-1.00036-4","article-title":"Post-traumatic headaches","volume":"Volume 127","author":"Riechers","year":"2015","journal-title":"Handbook of Clinical Neurology"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1007\/s11916-015-0516-x","article-title":"Headaches after Concussion in Pediatrics: A Review","volume":"19","author":"Blume","year":"2015","journal-title":"Curr. Pain Headache Rep."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1007\/s11916-020-00870-y","article-title":"Utilizing the Biopsychosocial Model in Concussion Treatment: Post-Traumatic Headache and beyond","volume":"24","author":"DeFreese","year":"2020","journal-title":"Curr. Pain Headache Rep."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1007\/s11916-016-0568-6","article-title":"Post-Traumatic Headache Therapy in the Athlete","volume":"20","author":"Seifert","year":"2016","journal-title":"Curr. Pain Headache Rep."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pmrj.2014.06.016","article-title":"Headache After Traumatic Brain Injury: A National Survey of Clinical Practices and Treatment Approaches","volume":"7","author":"Brown","year":"2015","journal-title":"PM&R"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"316","DOI":"10.1097\/WCO.0000000000000815","article-title":"Posttraumatic headache: Recent progress","volume":"33","author":"Howard","year":"2020","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"739","DOI":"10.1177\/0883073819856837","article-title":"Survey of Child Neurologists on Management of Pediatric Post-traumatic Headache","volume":"34","author":"Pearson","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Child Neurol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lucas, S. (2015). Post-Traumatic Headache. Headache and Migraine Biology and Management, Elsevier.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-800901-7.00013-6"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1111\/head.12737","article-title":"Management of post-traumatic headaches in children and adolescents","volume":"56","author":"Kacperski","year":"2016","journal-title":"Headache J. Head Face Pain"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1177\/1756285615605699","article-title":"An update on the management of post-traumatic headache","volume":"8","author":"Obermann","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ther. Adv. Neurol. Disord."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.1080\/14737175.2021.1900734","article-title":"An updated brief overview on post-traumatic headache and a systematic review of the non-pharmacological interventions for its management","volume":"21","author":"Argyriou","year":"2021","journal-title":"Expert Rev. Neurother."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1111\/head.13455","article-title":"Behavioral Therapies and Mind-Body Interventions for Posttraumatic Headache and Post-Concussive Symptoms: A Systematic Review","volume":"59","author":"Minen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Headache J. Head Face Pain"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1682\/JRRD.2013.01.0020","article-title":"Cognitive Symptom Management and Rehabilitation Therapy (CogSMART) for Veterans with traumatic brain injury: Pilot randomized controlled trial","volume":"51","author":"Twamley","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Rehabil. Res. Dev."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1016\/j.spen.2015.08.005","article-title":"Pediatric Posttraumatic Headache","volume":"23","author":"Kacperski","year":"2016","journal-title":"Semin. Pediatr. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2019.6601","article-title":"Feasibility of Smartphone-Delivered Progressive Muscle Relaxation in Persistent Post-Traumatic Headache Patients","volume":"38","author":"Usmani","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Neurotrauma"},{"key":"ref_24","first-page":"57","article-title":"Review of the Management of Pediatric Post-Concussion Syndrome\u2014A Multi-Disciplinary, Individualized Approach","volume":"12","author":"Kapadia","year":"2019","journal-title":"Curr. Rev. Muscul. Med."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1007\/s11916-017-0624-x","article-title":"Behavioral Treatments for Post-Traumatic Headache","volume":"21","author":"Fraser","year":"2017","journal-title":"Curr. Pain Headache Rep."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"943","DOI":"10.3233\/BMR-140162","article-title":"The effectiveness of a cognitive behavioral exercise approach (CBEA) compared to usual care in patients with a Whiplash Associated Disorder: A quasi-experimental clinical trial","volume":"30","author":"Perucchini","year":"2017","journal-title":"BMR"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1186\/1129-2377-15-81","article-title":"Cognitive behavioural treatment for the chronic post-traumatic headache patient: A randomized controlled trial","volume":"15","author":"Kjeldgaard","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Headache Pain"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"746","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2022.1567","article-title":"Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Veterans with Comorbid Posttraumatic Headache and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Symptoms: A Randomized Clinical Trial","volume":"79","author":"McGeary","year":"2022","journal-title":"JAMA Neurol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e20160459","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2016-0459","article-title":"Collaborative Care for Adolescents with Persistent Postconcussive Symptoms: A Randomized Trial","volume":"138","author":"McCarty","year":"2016","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.7205\/MILMED-D-14-00195","article-title":"Clinical Indications for Acupuncture in Chronic Post-Traumatic Headache Management","volume":"180","author":"Khusid","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mil. Med."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1089\/acu.2016.1183","article-title":"A Randomized Exploratory Study to Evaluate Two Acupuncture Methods for the Treatment of Headaches Associated with Traumatic Brain Injury","volume":"28","author":"Jonas","year":"2016","journal-title":"Med. Acupunct."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pediatrneurol.2014.10.015","article-title":"Part II\u2014Management of Pediatric Post-traumatic Headaches","volume":"52","author":"Pinchefsky","year":"2015","journal-title":"Pediatr. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1186\/s10194-018-0943-2","article-title":"Lifestyle modifications as therapy for medication refractory post-traumatic headache (PTHA) in the military population of Okinawa","volume":"19","author":"Baker","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Headache Pain"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1475","DOI":"10.1111\/head.14236","article-title":"Acute and chronic management of posttraumatic headache in children: A systematic review","volume":"61","author":"Gentile","year":"2021","journal-title":"Headache"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1007\/s11916-016-0570-z","article-title":"Interventional Treatment for Post-traumatic Headache","volume":"20","author":"Conidi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Curr. Pain Headache Rep."},{"key":"ref_36","first-page":"161","article-title":"Early physical activity and clinical outcomes following pediatric sport-related concussion","volume":"5","author":"Wilson","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Clin. Transl. Res."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ptsp.2016.06.001","article-title":"Multimodal impairment-based physical therapy for the treatment of patients with post-concussion syndrome: A retrospective analysis on safety and feasibility","volume":"23","author":"Grabowski","year":"2017","journal-title":"Phys. Ther. Sport"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"811","DOI":"10.1111\/head.13312","article-title":"Posttraumatic Headache: Basic Mechanisms and Therapeutic Targets","volume":"58","author":"Kamins","year":"2018","journal-title":"Headache J. Head Face Pain"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1294","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2013-093267","article-title":"Cervicovestibular rehabilitation in sport-related concussion: A randomised controlled trial","volume":"48","author":"Schneider","year":"2014","journal-title":"Br. J. Sports Med."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"464","DOI":"10.1177\/0333102420970188","article-title":"Post-traumatic headache due to mild traumatic brain injury: Current knowledge and future directions","volume":"41","author":"Schwedt","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cephalalgia"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1007\/s11910-020-01068-w","article-title":"Post-Traumatic Headache in Children and Adolescents: A Narrative Review with a Focus on Management","volume":"20","author":"Monsour","year":"2020","journal-title":"Curr. Neurol. Neurosci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"685220","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2021.685220","article-title":"Omega-3 Fatty Acids and Vitamin D Decrease Plasma T-Tau, GFAP, and UCH-L1 in Experimental Traumatic Brain Injury","volume":"8","author":"Scrimgeour","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1007\/s10072-014-1755-z","article-title":"Riboflavin and migraine: The bridge over troubled mitochondria","volume":"35","author":"Colombo","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neurol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1249\/JSR.0000000000000387","article-title":"Nutritional Supplements for the Treatment and Prevention of Sports-Related Concussion\u2014Evidence Still Lacking","volume":"16","author":"Trojian","year":"2017","journal-title":"Curr. Sport. Med. Rep."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Di Pietro, V., Yakoub, K.M., Caruso, G., Lazzarino, G., Signoretti, S., Barbey, A.K., Tavazzi, B., Lazzarino, G., Belli, A., and Amorini, A.M. (2020). Antioxidant Therapies in Traumatic Brain Injury. Antioxidants, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox9030260"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"636","DOI":"10.1111\/dmcn.12152","article-title":"Characteristics of post-traumatic headaches in children following mild traumatic brain injury and their response to treatment: A prospective cohort","volume":"55","author":"Kuczynski","year":"2013","journal-title":"Dev. Med. Child Neurol."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1007\/s11916-019-0799-4","article-title":"Linking Traumatic Brain Injury, Sleep Disruption and Post-Traumatic Headache: A Potential Role for Glymphatic Pathway Dysfunction","volume":"23","author":"Piantino","year":"2019","journal-title":"Curr. Pain Headache Rep."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2020.05.010","article-title":"A randomized cohort study of the efficacy of PO magnesium in the treatment of acute concussions in adolescents","volume":"44","author":"Standiford","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am. J. Emerg. Med."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2441","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pain.2013.07.028","article-title":"Targeted alteration of dietary n-3 and n-6 fatty acids for the treatment of chronic headaches: A randomized trial","volume":"154","author":"Ramsden","year":"2013","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"n1448","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.n1448","article-title":"Dietary alteration of n-3 and n-6 fatty acids for headache reduction in adults with migraine: Randomized controlled trial","volume":"374","author":"Ramsden","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106851","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cct.2022.106851","article-title":"Targeted dietary interventions to reduce pain in persistent post-traumatic headache among service members: Protocol for a randomized, controlled parallel-group trial","volume":"119","author":"Faurot","year":"2022","journal-title":"Contemp. Clin. Trials"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"803","DOI":"10.1111\/ner.13319","article-title":"Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation for the Treatment of Concussion: A Systematic Review","volume":"24","author":"Mollica","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neuromodul. Technol. Neural Interface"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1007\/s11910-022-01183-w","article-title":"Neuromodulation Treatments for Mild Traumatic Brain Injury and Post-concussive Symptoms","volume":"22","author":"Mollica","year":"2022","journal-title":"Curr. Neurol. Neurosci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1111\/ner.12364","article-title":"Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation in Managing Mild Traumatic Brain Injury-Related Headaches","volume":"19","author":"Leung","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neuromodul. Technol. Neural Interface"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"390","DOI":"10.1111\/ner.12615","article-title":"Left Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex rTMS in Alleviating MTBI Related Headaches and Depressive Symptoms","volume":"21","author":"Leung","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neuromodul. Technol. Neural Interface"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"312","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2019.6692","article-title":"Treatment of Persistent Post-Traumatic Headache and Post-Concussion Symptoms Using Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation: A Pilot, Double-Blind, Randomized Controlled Trial","volume":"37","author":"Stilling","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Neurotrauma"},{"key":"ref_57","first-page":"100026","article-title":"Translingual Neurostimulation for the Treatment of Chronic Symptoms Due to Mild-to-Moderate Traumatic Brain Injury","volume":"1","author":"Tyler","year":"2019","journal-title":"Arch. Rehabil. Res. Clin. Transl."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1412","DOI":"10.1111\/ner.13159","article-title":"A Prospective, Multicenter Study to Assess the Safety and Efficacy of Translingual Neurostimulation Plus Physical Therapy for the Treatment of a Chronic Balance Deficit Due to Mild-to-Moderate Traumatic Brain Injury","volume":"24","author":"Ptito","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neuromodul. Technol. Neural Interface"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.5298\/1081-5937-49.01.01","article-title":"Neurofeedback Impact on Chronic Headache, Sleep, and Attention Disorders Experienced by Veterans with Mild Traumatic Brain Injury: A Pilot Study","volume":"49","author":"Carlson","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biofeedback"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113887","DOI":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2021.113887","article-title":"Potential roles of vagus nerve stimulation on traumatic brain injury: Evidence from in vivo and clinical studies","volume":"347","author":"Srihagulang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Exp. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2132221","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2021.32221","article-title":"Nonpharmacological Treatment of Persistent Postconcussion Symptoms in Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis and Guideline Recommendation","volume":"4","author":"Rytter","year":"2021","journal-title":"JAMA Netw. Open"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100935","DOI":"10.1016\/j.spen.2021.100935","article-title":"Treatment of Post-traumatic Headaches in Children: A Systematic Review","volume":"40","author":"Murray","year":"2021","journal-title":"Semin. Pediatr. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbmt.2015.03.006","article-title":"Pilot study of the effects of mixed light touch manual therapies on active duty soldiers with chronic post-traumatic stress disorder and injury to the head","volume":"20","author":"Davis","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Bodyw. Mov. Ther."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"651","DOI":"10.1515\/jom-2020-0035","article-title":"Osteopathic manipulative medicine in the management of headaches associated with postconcussion syndrome","volume":"121","author":"Esterov","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Osteopath. Med."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"266","DOI":"10.1080\/02699052.2018.1552022","article-title":"Specialized interdisciplinary rehabilitation reduces persistent post-concussive symptoms: A randomized clinical trial","volume":"33","author":"Rytter","year":"2019","journal-title":"Brain Inj."}],"container-title":["Brain Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-3425\/12\/10\/1357\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T00:47:27Z","timestamp":1760143647000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-3425\/12\/10\/1357"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,6]]},"references-count":65,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,10]]}},"alternative-id":["brainsci12101357"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/brainsci12101357","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-3425"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-3425","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,6]]}}}