{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,9]],"date-time":"2026-06-09T06:59:50Z","timestamp":1780988390862,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":110,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,9]],"date-time":"2022-10-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1665273600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Brain Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The present work is a replication article based on the paper \u201cAre there shared neural correlates between dyslexia and ADHD? A meta-analysis of voxel-based morphometry studies\u201d by McGrath and Stoodley (2019). In the original research, the authors used activation likelihood estimation (ALE), a technique to perform coordinate-based meta-analysis (CBMA), to investigate the existence of brain regions undergoing gray matter alteration in association with both attention-deficit\/hyper-activity disorder (ADHD) and dyslexia. Here, the same voxel-based morphometry dataset was analyzed, while using the permutation-subject images version of signed differential mapping (PSI-SDM) in place of ALE. Overall, the replication converged with the original paper in showing a limited overlap between the two conditions. In particular, no significant effect was found for dyslexia, therefore precluding any form of comparison between the two disorders. The possible influences of biological sex, age, and medication status were also ruled out. Our findings are in line with literature about gray matter alteration associated with ADHD and dyslexia, often showing conflicting results. Therefore, although neuropsychological and clinical evidence suggest some convergence between ADHD and dyslexia, more future research is sorely needed to reach a consensus on the neuroimaging domain in terms of patterns of gray matter alteration.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci12101367","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,9]],"date-time":"2022-10-09T20:49:31Z","timestamp":1665348571000},"page":"1367","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Seeking Overlapping Neuroanatomical Alterations between Dyslexia and Attention-Deficit\/Hyperactivity Disorder: A Meta-Analytic Replication Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9481-8510","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Donato","family":"Liloia","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"GCS fMRI Koelliker Group, Koelliker Hospital and University of Turin, 10124 Turin, Italy"},{"name":"FOCUS Laboratory, Department of Psychology, University of Turin, 10124 Turin, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Annachiara","family":"Crocetta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"FOCUS Laboratory, Department of Psychology, University of Turin, 10124 Turin, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1526-8475","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Franco","family":"Cauda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"GCS fMRI Koelliker Group, Koelliker Hospital and University of Turin, 10124 Turin, Italy"},{"name":"FOCUS Laboratory, Department of Psychology, University of Turin, 10124 Turin, Italy"},{"name":"Neuroscience Institute of Turin, 10043 Turin, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sergio","family":"Duca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"GCS fMRI Koelliker Group, Koelliker Hospital and University of Turin, 10124 Turin, Italy"},{"name":"FOCUS Laboratory, Department of Psychology, University of Turin, 10124 Turin, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0822-862X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tommaso","family":"Costa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"GCS fMRI Koelliker Group, Koelliker Hospital and University of Turin, 10124 Turin, Italy"},{"name":"FOCUS Laboratory, Department of Psychology, University of Turin, 10124 Turin, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9928-0924","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jordi","family":"Manuello","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"GCS fMRI Koelliker Group, Koelliker Hospital and University of Turin, 10124 Turin, Italy"},{"name":"FOCUS Laboratory, Department of Psychology, University of Turin, 10124 Turin, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1186\/s11689-019-9287-8","article-title":"Are there shared neural correlates between dyslexia and ADHD? A meta-analysis of voxel-based morphometry studies","volume":"11","author":"McGrath","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Neurodev. Disord."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"S\u00e1nchez-Mor\u00e1n, M., Hern\u00e1ndez, J.A., Du\u00f1abeitia, J.A., Est\u00e9vez, A., B\u00e1rcena, L., Gonz\u00e1lez-Lahera, A., Bajo, M.T., Fuentes, L.J., Aransay, A.M., and Carreiras, M. (2018). Genetic association study of dyslexia and ADHD candidate genes in a Spanish cohort: Implications of comorbid samples. PLoS ONE, 13.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0209718"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1448","DOI":"10.1017\/S0954579420000620","article-title":"Early environmental risk factors for neurodevelopmental disorders\u2014A systematic review of twin and sibling studies","volume":"33","author":"Carlsson","year":"2020","journal-title":"Dev. Psychopathol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2020.06.027","article-title":"Early behavioral markers for neurodevelopmental disorders in the first 3 years of life: An overview of systematic reviews","volume":"116","author":"Micai","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"608","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tins.2020.05.004","article-title":"Neurodevelopmental Disorders: From Genetics to Functional Pathways","volume":"43","author":"Parenti","year":"2020","journal-title":"Trends Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.3389\/fnbeh.2022.946263","article-title":"The Influence of Vicarious Fear-Learning in \u201cInfecting\u201d Reactive Action Inhibition","volume":"16","author":"Battaglia","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Behav. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"627","DOI":"10.1007\/s00702-022-02513-5","article-title":"Modelling the neurodevelopmental pathogenesis in neuropsychiatric disorders. Bioactive kynurenines and their analogues as neuroprotective agents-in celebration of 80th birthday of Professor Peter Riederer","volume":"129","author":"Tanaka","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Neural. Transm."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tanaka, M., T\u00f3th, F., Poly\u00e1k, H., Szab\u00f3, \u00c1., M\u00e1ndi, Y., and V\u00e9csei, L. (2021). Immune Influencers in Action: Metabolites and Enzymes of the Tryptophan-Kynurenine Metabolic Pathway. Biomedicines, 9.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints202106.0344.v1"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Salem, H.A., Elsherbiny, N., Alzahrani, S., Alshareef, H.M., Abd Elmageed, Z.Y., Ajwah, S.M., Hamdan, A.M.E., Abdou, Y.S., Galal, O.O., and El Azazy, M.K.A. (2022). Neuroprotective Effect of Morin Hydrate against Attention-Deficit\/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) Induced by MSG and\/or Protein Malnutrition in Rat Pups: Effect on Oxidative\/Monoamines\/Inflammatory Balance and Apoptosis. Pharmaceuticals, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/ph15081012"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1273","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2005.01.034","article-title":"Functional neuroimaging of attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder: A review and suggested future directions","volume":"57","author":"Bush","year":"2005","journal-title":"Biol. Psych."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2011.04.007","article-title":"A review of fronto-striatal and fronto-cortical brain abnormalities in children and adults with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) and new evidence for dysfunction in adults with ADHD during motivation and attention","volume":"48","author":"Cubillo","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cortex"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"698","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2014.00698","article-title":"Frontal dysfunctions of impulse control\u2014A systematic review in borderline personality disorder and attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder","volume":"8","author":"Sebastian","year":"2014","journal-title":"Front. Hum. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2018.00100","article-title":"Cognitive Neuroscience of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) and Its Clinical Translation","volume":"12","author":"Rubia","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Hum. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"619","DOI":"10.1007\/s00787-020-01545-0","article-title":"Beneath the surface: Hyper-connectivity between caudate and salience regions in ADHD fMRI at rest","volume":"30","author":"Damiani","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur. Child. Adolesc. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"American Psychiatric Association (2013). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fth Edition (DSM-5), American Psychiatric Publishing. [5th ed.].","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.books.9780890425596"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1196\/annals.1416.024","article-title":"A meta-analysis of functional neuroimaging studies of dyslexia","volume":"1145","author":"Maisog","year":"2008","journal-title":"Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3299","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.20752","article-title":"Functional abnormalities in the dyslexic brain: A quantitative meta-analysis of neuroimaging studies","volume":"30","author":"Richlan","year":"2009","journal-title":"Hum. Brain Mapp."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"830","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2014.00830","article-title":"Reading the dyslexic brain: Multiple dysfunctional routes revealed by a new meta-analysis of PET and fMRI activation studies","volume":"8","author":"Paulesu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Front. Hum. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2778","DOI":"10.1166\/jbn.2014.1895","article-title":"Magnetic resonance imaging findings for dyslexia: A review","volume":"10","author":"Elnakib","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Nanotechnol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"362","DOI":"10.1177\/1073858404263596","article-title":"Neuroanatomical markers for dyslexia: A review of dyslexia structural imaging studies","volume":"10","author":"Eckert","year":"2004","journal-title":"Neuroscientist"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bandl.2009.03.001","article-title":"The pars triangularis in dyslexia and ADHD: A comprehensive approach","volume":"111","author":"Kibby","year":"2009","journal-title":"Brain Lang."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pscychresns.2016.10.012","article-title":"Distinct differences in striatal dysmorphology between attention deficit hyperactivity disorder boys with and without a comorbid reading disability","volume":"258","author":"Goradia","year":"2016","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res. Neuroimag."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bandl.2018.08.004","article-title":"Global gray matter morphometry differences between children with reading disability, ADHD, and comorbid reading disability\/ADHD","volume":"185","author":"Kibby","year":"2018","journal-title":"Brain Lang"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2677","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.24552","article-title":"Comorbidity of reading disabilities and ADHD: Structural and functional brain characteristics","volume":"40","author":"Langer","year":"2019","journal-title":"Hum. Brain Mapp."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"805","DOI":"10.1006\/nimg.2000.0582","article-title":"Voxel-based morphometry--the methods","volume":"11","author":"Ashburner","year":"2000","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"390","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2013.12.024","article-title":"A novel meta-analytic approach: Mining frequent co-activation patterns in neuroimaging databases","volume":"90","author":"Caspers","year":"2014","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"810","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2008.12.039","article-title":"Meta-analysis of neuroimaging data: A comparison of image-based and coordinate-based pooling of studies","volume":"45","author":"Smith","year":"2009","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"580","DOI":"10.1214\/17-STS624","article-title":"The coordinate-based meta-analysis of neuroimaging data","volume":"32","author":"Samartsidis","year":"2017","journal-title":"Stat. Sci."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.20080","article-title":"Variability in fMRI: A re-examination of inter-session differences","volume":"24","author":"Smith","year":"2005","journal-title":"Hum. Brain Mapp."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Manuello, J., Costa, T., Cauda, F., and Liloia, D. (2022). Six actions to improve detection of critical features for neuroimaging coordinate-based meta-analysis preparation. Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev., 104659.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2022.104659"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2017.11.012","article-title":"Ten simple rules for neuroimaging meta-analysis","volume":"84","author":"Cieslik","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2907","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.20718","article-title":"Coordinate-based activation likelihood estimation meta-analysis of neuroimaging data: A random-effects approach based on empirical estimates of spatial uncertainty","volume":"30","author":"Eickhoff","year":"2009","journal-title":"Hum. Brain Mapp."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2016.04.072","article-title":"Behavior, sensitivity, and power of activation likelihood estimation characterized by massive empirical simulation","volume":"137","author":"Eickhoff","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"765","DOI":"10.1006\/nimg.2002.1131","article-title":"Meta-analysis of the functional neuroanatomy of single-word reading: Method and validation","volume":"16","author":"Turkeltaub","year":"2002","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117481","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2020.117481","article-title":"The pathoconnectivity network analysis of the insular cortex: A morphometric fingerprinting","volume":"225","author":"Nani","year":"2021","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117220","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2020.117220","article-title":"A meta-analytic approach to mapping co-occurrent grey matter volume increases and decreases in psychiatric disorders","volume":"222","author":"Mancuso","year":"2020","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"938","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2011.05.021","article-title":"Co-activation patterns distinguish cortical modules, their connectivity and functional differentiation","volume":"57","author":"Eickhoff","year":"2011","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2018.10.077","article-title":"Voxel-based meta-analysis via permutation of subject images (PSI): Theory and implementation for SDM","volume":"186","author":"Solanes","year":"2019","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.3389\/fnsys.2014.00092","article-title":"Distinct regions of the cerebellum show gray matter decreases in autism, ADHD, and developmental dyslexia","volume":"8","author":"Stoodley","year":"2014","journal-title":"Front. Syst. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2019.02.011","article-title":"Brain alterations in children\/adolescents with ADHD revisited: A neuroimaging meta-analysis of 96 structural and functional studies","volume":"100","author":"Samea","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"605","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eurpsy.2011.04.001","article-title":"A new meta-analytic method for neuroimaging studies that combines reported peak coordinates and statistical parametric maps","volume":"27","author":"Radua","year":"2012","journal-title":"Eur. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.3109\/15622975.2010.518624","article-title":"Visual Cortex Abnormalities in Adults with ADHD: A Structural MRI Study","volume":"12","author":"Ahrendts","year":"2011","journal-title":"World J. Biol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"627","DOI":"10.1177\/1087054715619682","article-title":"Regional Gray Matter Volume Differences Between Adolescents With ADHD and Typically Developing Controls: Further Evidence for Anterior Cingulate Involvement","volume":"22","author":"Bonath","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Atten. Disord."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"272","DOI":"10.1503\/jpn.140377","article-title":"Voxel-Based Morphometry Analysis Reveals Frontal Brain Differences in Participants with ADHD and Their Unaffected Siblings","volume":"41","author":"Bralten","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Psychiatry Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1251","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7610.2007.01799.x","article-title":"Structural Brain Abnormalities in Adolescents with Autism Spectrum Disorder and Patients with Attention Deficit\/Hyperactivity Disorder","volume":"48","author":"Brieber","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Child Psychol. Psychiatry Allied Discip."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2005.07.020","article-title":"Global and Regional Gray Matter Reductions in ADHD: A Voxel-Based Morphometric Study","volume":"389","author":"Carmona","year":"2005","journal-title":"Neurosci. Lett."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2015.05.062","article-title":"Neuroanatomical Deficits Correlate with Executive Dysfunction in Boys with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder","volume":"600","author":"He","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neurosci. Lett."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1279","DOI":"10.1007\/s00787-015-0678-4","article-title":"Classifying Adolescent Attention-Deficit\/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) Based on Functional and Structural Imaging","volume":"24","author":"Iannaccone","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5179","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.22542","article-title":"Brainstem Abnormalities in Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Support High Accuracy Individual Diagnostic Classification","volume":"35","author":"Johnston","year":"2014","journal-title":"Hum. Brain Mapp."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"945","DOI":"10.1093\/scan\/nsu135","article-title":"Effect of Brain Structure and Function on Reward Anticipation in Children and Adults with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Combined Subtype","volume":"10","author":"Kappel","year":"2015","journal-title":"Soc. Cogn. Affect. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"611","DOI":"10.1177\/1087054716659139","article-title":"Gray Matter Increase in Motor Cortex in Pediatric ADHD: A Voxel-Based Morphometry Study","volume":"22","author":"Metin","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Atten. Disord."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pscychresns.2010.03.010","article-title":"Structural and Functional Imaging Approaches in Attention Deficit\/Hyperactivity Disorder: Does the Temporal Lobe Play a Key Role?","volume":"183","author":"Kobel","year":"2010","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res. Neuroimag."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1016\/j.braindev.2016.12.002","article-title":"Neural Alterations in ADHD Children as Indicated by Voxel-Based Cortical Thickness and Morphometry Analysis","volume":"39","author":"Kumar","year":"2017","journal-title":"Brain Dev."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lim, L., Marquand, A., Cubillo, A.A., Smith, A.B., Chantiluke, K., Simmons, A., Mehta, M., and Rubia, K. (2013). Disorder-Specific Predictive Classification of Adolescents with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) Relative to Autism Using Structural Magnetic Resonance Imaging. PLoS ONE, 8.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0063660"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pscychresns.2006.09.006","article-title":"Mapping Brain Structure in Attention Deficit-Hyperactivity Disorder: A Voxel-Based MRI Study of Regional Grey and White Matter Volume","volume":"154","author":"McAlonan","year":"2007","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res. Neuroimag."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.1503\/jpn.090099","article-title":"Clinical Correlations of Grey Matter Reductions in the Caudate Nucleus of Adults with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder","volume":"35","author":"Montes","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Psychiatry Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pscychresns.2016.06.002","article-title":"Brain Abnormalities in Adults with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Revealed by Voxel-Based Morphometry","volume":"254","author":"Radua","year":"2016","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res. Neuroimag."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1425","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291701004706","article-title":"Distributed Grey and White Matter Deficits in Hyperkinetic Disorder: MRI Evidence for Anatomical Abnormality in an Attentional Network","volume":"31","author":"Overmeyer","year":"2001","journal-title":"Psychol. Med."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.1007\/s00787-015-0755-8","article-title":"Brain Structural Deficits and Working Memory FMRI Dysfunction in Young Adults Who Were Diagnosed with ADHD in Adolescence","volume":"25","author":"Lindholm","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"394","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-1819.2010.02102.x","article-title":"Neuroanatomical Correlates of Attention-Deficit-Hyperactivity Disorder Accounting for Comorbid Oppositional Defiant Disorder and Conduct Disorder","volume":"64","author":"Sasayama","year":"2010","journal-title":"Psychiatry Clin. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2013.05.007","article-title":"Reduced Striatal Brain Volumes in Non-Medicated Adult ADHD Patients with Comorbid Cocaine Dependence","volume":"131","author":"Veltman","year":"2013","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol. Depend."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1118","DOI":"10.1016\/j.euroneuro.2015.04.015","article-title":"Grey Matter Volumes in Treatment Na\u00efve vs. Chronically Treated Children with Attention Deficit\/Hyperactivity Disorder: A Combined Approach","volume":"25","author":"Villemonteix","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur. Neuropsychopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pscychresns.2007.12.013","article-title":"Absence of Gender Effect on Children with Attention-Deficit\/Hyperactivity Disorder as Assessed by Optimized Voxel-Based Morphometry","volume":"164","author":"Yang","year":"2008","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res. Neuroimag."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"742","DOI":"10.1212\/01.WNL.0000134673.95020.EE","article-title":"Regional Reductions of Gray Matter Volume in Familial Dyslexia","volume":"63","author":"Brambati","year":"2004","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"781","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.56.6.781","article-title":"Preliminary Evidence of Widespread Morphological Variations of the Brain in Dyslexia","volume":"56","author":"Brown","year":"2001","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"304","DOI":"10.1016\/S0010-9452(08)70268-5","article-title":"Anatomical Signatures of Dyslexia in Children: Unique Information from Manual and Voxel Based Morphometry Brain Measures","volume":"41","author":"Eckert","year":"2005","journal-title":"Cortex"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1041","DOI":"10.1007\/s00429-013-0552-4","article-title":"Sex-Specific Gray Matter Volume Differences in Females with Developmental Dyslexia","volume":"219","author":"Evans","year":"2014","journal-title":"Brain Struct. Funct."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4234","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0609399104","article-title":"Functional and Morphometric Brain Dissociation between Dyslexia and Reading Ability","volume":"104","author":"Hoeft","year":"2007","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1741","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.22734","article-title":"How Reliable Are Gray Matter Disruptions in Specific Reading Disability across Multiple Countries and Languages? Insights from a Large-Scale Voxel-Based Morphometry Study","volume":"36","author":"Marchewka","year":"2015","journal-title":"Hum. Brain Mapp."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"613","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.20425","article-title":"Developmental Dyslexia: Gray Matter Abnormalities in the Occipitotemporal Cortex","volume":"29","author":"Kronbichler","year":"2008","journal-title":"Hum. Brain Mapp."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1169","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropsychologia.2013.03.010","article-title":"Altered Brain Structure in Chinese Dyslexic Children","volume":"51","author":"Liu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2453","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awh579","article-title":"Brain Abnormalities Underlying Altered Activation in Dyslexia: A Voxel Based Morphometry Study","volume":"128","author":"Silani","year":"2005","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5561","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0801750105","article-title":"A Structural-Functional Basis for Dyslexia in the Cortex of Chinese Readers","volume":"105","author":"Wai","year":"2008","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3170","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropsychologia.2008.07.015","article-title":"The Contribution of White and Gray Matter Differences to Developmental Dyslexia: Insights from DTI and VBM at 3.0 T","volume":"46","author":"Steinbrink","year":"2008","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1007\/s11881-015-0102-2","article-title":"Dyslexia and Voxel-Based Morphometry: Correlations between Five Behavioural Measures of Dyslexia and Gray and White Matter Volumes","volume":"65","author":"Tamboer","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ann. Dyslexia"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"324","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropsychologia.2004.06.023","article-title":"Gray Matter Alteration in Dyslexia: Converging Evidence from Volumetric and Voxel-by-Voxel MRI Analyses","volume":"43","author":"Vinckenbosch","year":"2005","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropsychologia.2015.12.003","article-title":"Neuroanatomical Anomalies of Dyslexia: Disambiguating the Effects of Disorder, Performance, and Maturation","volume":"81","author":"Xia","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia"},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"324","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2016.00324","article-title":"Anomalous Cerebellar Anatomy in Chinese Children with Dyslexia","volume":"7","author":"Yang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2014.01.060","article-title":"Permutation inference for the general linear model","volume":"92","author":"Winkler","year":"2014","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"key":"ref_80","first-page":"462","article-title":"A general approach for combining voxel-based meta-analyses conducted in different neuroimaging modalities","volume":"20","author":"Radua","year":"2013","journal-title":"Curr. MedChem."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Acar, F., Seurinck, R., Eickhoff, S.B., and Moerkerke, B. (2018). Assessing robustness against potential publication bias in Activation Likelihood Estimation (ALE) meta-analyses for fMRI. PLoS ONE, 13.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0208177"},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2106178118","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2106178118","article-title":"Reporting all results efficiently: A RARE proposal to open up the file drawer","volume":"118","author":"Laitin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pscychresns.2010.08.011","article-title":"Anterior Cingulate Cortex Gray Matter Abnormalities in Adults with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder: A Voxel-Based Morphometry Study","volume":"191","author":"Amico","year":"2011","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res. Neuroimag."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pscychresns.2010.01.012","article-title":"Behavioral Performance Predicts Grey Matter Reductions in the Right Inferior Frontal Gyrus in Young Adults with Combined Type ADHD","volume":"182","author":"Depue","year":"2010","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res. Neuroimag."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"905","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2015.05.012","article-title":"Discrete Global but No Focal Gray Matter Volume Reductions in Unmedicated Adult Patients With Attention-Deficit\/Hyperactivity Disorder","volume":"80","author":"Maier","year":"2016","journal-title":"Biol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1016\/j.euroneuro.2013.11.011","article-title":"Brain Alterations in Adult ADHD: Effects of Gender, Treatment and Comorbid Depression","volume":"24","author":"Onnink","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eur. Neuropsychopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nicl.2017.05.016","article-title":"Regional Brain Network Organization Distinguishes the Combined and Inattentive Subtypes of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder","volume":"15","author":"Saad","year":"2017","journal-title":"NeuroImage Clin."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"857","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2010.09.053","article-title":"Gray Matter Alterations in Adults with Attention-Deficit\/Hyperactivity Disorder Identified by Voxel Based Morphometry","volume":"69","author":"Seidman","year":"2011","journal-title":"Biol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dcn.2015.06.001","article-title":"Grey Matter Volume Differences Associated with Gender in Children with Attention-Deficit\/Hyperactivity Disorder: A Voxel-Based Morphometry Study","volume":"14","author":"Villemonteix","year":"2015","journal-title":"Dev. Cogn. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11296","DOI":"10.1523\/ENEURO.0103-15.2015","article-title":"Gray Matter Features of Reading Disability: A Combined Meta-Analytic and Direct Analysis Approach","volume":"3","author":"Eckert","year":"2016","journal-title":"eNeuro"},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2278","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.20670","article-title":"When All Hypotheses Are Right: A Multifocal Account of Dyslexia","volume":"30","author":"Pernet","year":"2009","journal-title":"Hum. Brain Mapp."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.20136","article-title":"ALE meta-analysis: Controlling the false discovery rate and performing statistical contrasts","volume":"25","author":"Laird","year":"2005","journal-title":"Hum. Brain Mapp."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.23342","article-title":"Implementation errors in the GingerALE Software: Description and recommendations","volume":"38","author":"Eickhoff","year":"2017","journal-title":"Hum. Brain Mapp."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5142","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.24746","article-title":"Practical recommendations to conduct a neuroimaging meta-analysis for neuropsychiatric disorders","volume":"40","author":"Tahmasian","year":"2019","journal-title":"Hum. Brain Mapp."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2021.01.010","article-title":"Updating and characterizing neuroanatomical markers in high-risk subjects, recently diagnosed and chronic patients with schizophrenia: A revised coordinate-based meta-analysis","volume":"123","author":"Liloia","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"434","DOI":"10.1177\/088307389801300904","article-title":"Evaluation of cerebellar size in attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder","volume":"13","author":"Mostofsky","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Child. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_97","first-page":"1013","article-title":"Notes on the role of the cerebellum in ADHD","volume":"1","author":"Goetz","year":"2014","journal-title":"Austin. J. Psychiatry Behav. Sci."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1007\/s12311-015-0715-3","article-title":"The Cerebellum and Neurodevelopmental Disorders","volume":"15","author":"Stoodley","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cerebellum"},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-444-64189-2.00004-4","article-title":"Cerebellar involvement in autism and ADHD","volume":"155","author":"Bruchhage","year":"2018","journal-title":"Handd. Clin. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Linkersd\u00f6rfer, J., Lonnemann, J., Lindberg, S., Hasselhorn, M., and Fiebach, C.J. (2012). Grey matter alterations co-localize with functional abnormalities in developmental dyslexia: An ALE meta-analysis. PLoS ONE, 7.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0043122"},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3055","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.22127","article-title":"Structural abnormalities in the dyslexic brain: A meta-analysis of voxel-based morphometry studies","volume":"34","author":"Richlan","year":"2013","journal-title":"Hum. Brain Mapp."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e69523","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.69523","article-title":"Convergent and divergent brain structural and functional abnormalities associated with developmental dyslexia","volume":"10","author":"Yan","year":"2021","journal-title":"eLife"},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"550","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2018.04.065","article-title":"What do results from coordinate-based meta-analyses tell us?","volume":"176","author":"Radua","year":"2018","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199201163260301","article-title":"Evidence That Dyslexia May Represent the Lower Tail of a Normal Distribution of Reading Ability","volume":"326","author":"Shaywitz","year":"1992","journal-title":"NEJM"},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cognition.2012.08.007","article-title":"Subtypes of developmental dyslexia: Testing the predictions of the dual-route and connectionist frameworks","volume":"126","author":"Peterson","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cognition"},{"key":"ref_106","first-page":"805","article-title":"Are ASD and ADHD a Continuum? A Comparison of Pathophysiological Similarities Between the Disorders","volume":"19","author":"Kern","year":"2015","journal-title":"JAD"},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1177\/0004867415579921","article-title":"Attention deficit hyperactive disorder diagnosis continues to fail the reliability and validity tests","volume":"49","author":"Whitely","year":"2015","journal-title":"Aust. N. Z. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_108","first-page":"979","article-title":"Understanding attention deficit hyperactivity disorder as a continuum","volume":"62","author":"McLennan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Can. Fam. Physician Med. Fam. Can."},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2420","DOI":"10.12998\/wjcc.v7.i17.2420","article-title":"Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and comorbidity: A review of literature","volume":"7","author":"Gnanavel","year":"2019","journal-title":"World J. Clin. Cases"},{"key":"ref_110","first-page":"1","article-title":"Psychiatric comorbidity among children and adolescents with dyslexia","volume":"27","author":"Darweesh","year":"2020","journal-title":"MECP"}],"container-title":["Brain Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-3425\/12\/10\/1367\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T00:48:33Z","timestamp":1760143713000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-3425\/12\/10\/1367"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,9]]},"references-count":110,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,10]]}},"alternative-id":["brainsci12101367"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/brainsci12101367","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-3425"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-3425","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,9]]}}}