{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,18]],"date-time":"2026-03-18T16:04:02Z","timestamp":1773849842517,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":64,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,12]],"date-time":"2022-10-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1665532800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006475","name":"Bergen Research Foundation to Marco Hirnstein","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["BFS2016REK03"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BFS2016REK03"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006475","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006475","name":"Bergen Research Foundation to Marco Hirnstein","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["# 249516"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["# 249516"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006475","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006475","name":"Bergen Research Foundation to Marco Hirnstein","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["# 912045"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["# 912045"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006475","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"European Research Council (ERC)","award":["BFS2016REK03"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BFS2016REK03"]}]},{"name":"European Research Council (ERC)","award":["# 249516"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["# 249516"]}]},{"name":"European Research Council (ERC)","award":["# 912045"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["# 912045"]}]},{"name":"Western Norway Health Authorities (REK-Vest)","award":["BFS2016REK03"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BFS2016REK03"]}]},{"name":"Western Norway Health Authorities (REK-Vest)","award":["# 249516"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["# 249516"]}]},{"name":"Western Norway Health Authorities (REK-Vest)","award":["# 912045"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["# 912045"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Brain Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) is used as treatment for auditory verbal hallucinations (AVH). The theory behind the treatment is that tDCS increases activity in prefrontal cognitive control areas, which are assumed to be hypoactive, and simultaneously decreases activity in temporal speech perception areas, which are assumed to be hyperactive during AVH. We tested this hypofrontal\/hypertemporal reversal theory by investigating anatomical, neurotransmitter, brain activity, and network connectivity changes over the course of tDCS treatment. Methods: A double-blind, randomized controlled trial was conducted with 21 patients receiving either sham or real tDCS treatment (2 mA) twice daily for 5 days. The anode was placed over the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) and the cathode over the left temporo-parietal cortex (TPC). Multimodal neuroimaging as well as clinical and neurocognitive functioning assessment were performed before, immediately after, and three months after treatment. Results: We found a small reduction in AVH severity in the real tDCS group, but no corresponding neuroimaging changes in either DLPFCD or TPC. Limitations: The study has a small sample size. Conclusion: The results suggest that the currently leading theory behind tDCS treatment of AVH may need to be revised, if confirmed by studies with larger N. Tentative findings point to the involvement of Broca\u2019s area as a critical structure for tDCS treatment.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci12101382","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,12]],"date-time":"2022-10-12T20:53:29Z","timestamp":1665608009000},"page":"1382","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Pilot-RCT Finds No Evidence for Modulation of Neuronal Networks of Auditory Hallucinations by Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Lynn","family":"Marquardt","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological and Medical Psychology, University of Bergen, 5009 Bergen, Norway"},{"name":"NORMENT Center of Excellence, University of Bergen and Haukeland University Hospital, 5009 Bergen, Norway"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2583-7571","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexander R.","family":"Craven","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological and Medical Psychology, University of Bergen, 5009 Bergen, Norway"},{"name":"NORMENT Center of Excellence, University of Bergen and Haukeland University Hospital, 5009 Bergen, Norway"},{"name":"Department of Clinical Engineering, Haukeland University Hospital, 5021 Bergen, Norway"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kenneth","family":"Hugdahl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological and Medical Psychology, University of Bergen, 5009 Bergen, Norway"},{"name":"Department of Radiology, Haukeland University Hospital, 5021 Bergen, Norway"},{"name":"Division of Psychiatry, Haukeland University Hospital, 5021 Bergen, Norway"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Erik","family":"Johnsen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"NORMENT Center of Excellence, University of Bergen and Haukeland University Hospital, 5009 Bergen, Norway"},{"name":"Division of Psychiatry, Haukeland University Hospital, 5021 Bergen, Norway"},{"name":"Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Bergen, 5021 Bergen, Norway"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rune Andreas","family":"Kroken","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"NORMENT Center of Excellence, University of Bergen and Haukeland University Hospital, 5009 Bergen, Norway"},{"name":"Division of Psychiatry, Haukeland University Hospital, 5021 Bergen, Norway"},{"name":"Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Bergen, 5021 Bergen, Norway"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Isabella","family":"Kusztrits","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological and Medical Psychology, University of Bergen, 5009 Bergen, Norway"},{"name":"NORMENT Center of Excellence, University of Bergen and Haukeland University Hospital, 5009 Bergen, Norway"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9946-3704","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Karsten","family":"Specht","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological and Medical Psychology, University of Bergen, 5009 Bergen, Norway"},{"name":"Mohn Medical and Imaging Visualization Centre, Haukeland University Hospital, 5021 Bergen, Norway"},{"name":"Department of Education, UiT\/The Arctic University of Norway, 9019 Troms\u00f8, Norway"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anne Synn\u00f8ve","family":"Thomassen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Psychiatry, Haukeland University Hospital, 5021 Bergen, Norway"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sarah","family":"Weber","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological and Medical Psychology, University of Bergen, 5009 Bergen, Norway"},{"name":"NORMENT Center of Excellence, University of Bergen and Haukeland University Hospital, 5009 Bergen, Norway"},{"name":"School of Health Sciences, Kristiania University College, 0107 Oslo, Norway"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6291-0929","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marco","family":"Hirnstein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological and Medical Psychology, University of Bergen, 5009 Bergen, Norway"},{"name":"NORMENT Center of Excellence, University of Bergen and Haukeland University Hospital, 5009 Bergen, 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