{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,16]],"date-time":"2026-03-16T15:19:07Z","timestamp":1773674347925,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,26]],"date-time":"2022-10-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1666742400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Canadian Academy of Sport and Exercise Medicine"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Brain Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>(1) Background: Cerebral autoregulation is altered during acute mild traumatic brain injury, or concussion. However, it is unknown how a history of concussion can impact cerebral haemodynamic activity during a task that elicits an autoregulatory response. (2) Methods: We assessed cerebral haemodynamic activity in those with a history of three or more concussions. The study included 44 retired athletes with concussion history and 25 control participants. We recorded participants\u2019 relative changes in right and left pre-frontal cortex oxygenation collected by near-infrared spectroscopy and continuous beat-to-beat blood pressure measured by finger photoplethysmography. Participants completed a 5-min seated rest followed by a 5-min repeated squat (10-s) stand (10-s) maneuver (0.05 Hz) to elicit a cerebral autoregulatory response. Wavelet transformation was applied to the collected signals, allowing separation into cardiac interval I (0.6 to 2 Hz), respiratory interval II (0.145 to 0.6 Hz), and smooth muscle cell interval III (0.052 to 0.145 Hz). (3) Results: Significant increases at cardiac interval I were found for the wavelet amplitude of oxy-haemoglobin and haemoglobin difference at the right pre-frontal cortex. No significant difference was found at the left pre-frontal cortex or the blood pressure wavelet amplitudes. (4) Conclusions: Contributions from cardiac activity to the pre-frontal cortex oxygenation are elevated when eliciting dynamic cerebral autoregulation in those with a history of three or more concussions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci12111443","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,26]],"date-time":"2022-10-26T09:59:37Z","timestamp":1666778377000},"page":"1443","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["History of Brain Injury Alters Cerebral Haemodynamic Oscillations with Cardiac Influence"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2480-8031","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"J. Patrick","family":"Neary","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Kinesiology & Health Studies, University of Regina, Regina, SK S4S 0A2, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jyotpal","family":"Singh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Kinesiology & Health Studies, University of Regina, Regina, SK S4S 0A2, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3797-635X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luke W.","family":"Sirant","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Kinesiology & Health Studies, University of Regina, Regina, SK S4S 0A2, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Catherine A.","family":"Gaul","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Exercise Science, Physical and Health Education, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC V8P 5C2, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Steve","family":"Martin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Exercise Science, Physical and Health Education, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC V8P 5C2, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lynneth","family":"Stuart-Hill","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Exercise Science, Physical and Health Education, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC V8P 5C2, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Darren G.","family":"Candow","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Kinesiology & Health Studies, University of Regina, Regina, SK S4S 0A2, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3376-5355","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cameron S.","family":"Mang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Kinesiology & Health Studies, University of Regina, Regina, SK S4S 0A2, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gregory P.","family":"Kratzig","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, University of Regina, Regina, SK S4S 0A2, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1042\/CS20120259","article-title":"Impaired cerebral haemodynamic function associated with chronic traumatic brain injury in professional boxers","volume":"124","author":"Bailey","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin. Sci."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1080\/02699052.2016.1226385","article-title":"Parasympathetic baroreflexes and heart rate variability during acute stage of sport concussion recovery","volume":"31","author":"Bishop","year":"2017","journal-title":"Brain Inj."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"733","DOI":"10.1111\/cpf.12487","article-title":"Heart rate variability and implication for sport concussion","volume":"38","author":"Bishop","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin. Physiol. Funct. Imaging"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"573","DOI":"10.1111\/cpf.12447","article-title":"Assessing prefrontal cortex oxygenation after sport concussion with near-infrared spectroscopy","volume":"38","author":"Bishop","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin. Physiol. Funct. Imaging"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ellingson, C.J., Singh, J., Ellingson, C.A., Sirant, L.W., Kr\u00e4tzig, G.P., Dorsch, K.D., Piskorski, J., and Neary, J.P. (2022). Alterations in Baroreflex Sensitivity and Blood Pressure Variability Following Sport-Related Concussion. Life, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/life12091400"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.3171\/2015.1.PEDS14524","article-title":"Vestibulo-ocular dysfunction in pediatric sports-related concussion","volume":"16","author":"Ellis","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Neurosurg. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.4085\/1062-6050-51.11.08","article-title":"A physiological approach to prolonged recovery from sport-related concussion","volume":"52","author":"Leddy","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Athl. Train."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1097\/JSM.0000000000000128","article-title":"Brain or strain? Symptoms alone do not distinguish physiologic concussion from cervical\/vestibular injury","volume":"25","author":"Leddy","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin. J. Sport Med."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1097\/JSM.0000000000000663","article-title":"A Preliminary Study of the Effect of Early Aerobic Exercise Treatment for Sport-Related Concussion in Males","volume":"29","author":"Leddy","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin. J. Sport Med."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2241","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0b013e3182249539","article-title":"Cerebrovascular reactivity impairment after sport-induced concussion","volume":"43","author":"Len","year":"2011","journal-title":"Med. Sci. Sport. Exerc."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2018.00023","article-title":"Patient-specific alterations in CO2 cerebrovascular responsiveness in acute and sub-acute sports-related concussion","volume":"9","author":"Mutch","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"725096","DOI":"10.3389\/fspor.2021.725096","article-title":"Brain Oxygenation in Post-concussion Combat Sport Athletes","volume":"3","author":"Tiberini","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Sport. Act. Living"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2267","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2019.07.003","article-title":"Comparison of Rest to Aerobic Exercise and Placebo-like Treatment of Acute Sport-Related Concussion in Male and Female Adolescents","volume":"100","author":"Willer","year":"2019","journal-title":"Arch. Phys. Med. Rehabil."},{"key":"ref_14","first-page":"85","article-title":"Cerebrovascular pathophysiology following mild traumatic brain injury","volume":"31","author":"Len","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin. Physiol. Funct. Imaging"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"346","DOI":"10.3109\/02699052.2012.743185","article-title":"Serial monitoring of CO2 reactivity following sport concussion using hypocapnia and hypercapnia","volume":"27","author":"Len","year":"2013","journal-title":"Brain Inj."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1224","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2017.5365","article-title":"Reduced functional connectivity in adults with persistent post-concussion symptoms: A functional near-infrared spectroscopy study","volume":"35","author":"Hocke","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Neurotrauma"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"792","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0000000000001833","article-title":"Attenuation of Spontaneous Baroreceptor Sensitivity after Concussion","volume":"51","author":"Fountaine","year":"2019","journal-title":"Med. Sci. Sport. Exerc."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1097\/JSM.0000000000000734","article-title":"Autonomic Dysregulation in Adolescent Concussion Is Sex- and Posture-Dependent","volume":"31","author":"Balestrini","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin. J. Sport. Med."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"773","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsm.2003.009530","article-title":"Exercise following a sport induced concussion","volume":"38","author":"Gall","year":"2004","journal-title":"Br. J. Sport. Med."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"890","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2014.00890","article-title":"Heart rate variability interventions for concussion and rehabilitation","volume":"5","author":"Conder","year":"2014","journal-title":"Front. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102548","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autneu.2019.04.004","article-title":"Reduced heart rate variability and lower cerebral blood flow associated with poor cognition during recovery following concussion","volume":"220","author":"Purkayastha","year":"2019","journal-title":"Auton. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e13984","DOI":"10.14814\/phy2.13984","article-title":"Dynamic cerebral autoregulation is attenuated in young fit women","volume":"7","author":"Labrecque","year":"2019","journal-title":"Physiol. Rep."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/02699052.2022.2109737","article-title":"Long-term effects of multiple concussions on prefrontal cortex oxygenation during repeated squat-stands in retired contact sport athletes","volume":"36","author":"Sirant","year":"2022","journal-title":"Brain Inj."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2018.00196","article-title":"Sport-related concussion alters indices of dynamic cerebral autoregulation","volume":"9","author":"Wright","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Singh, J., Ellingson, C.J., Ellingson, C.A., Scott, P., and Neary, J.P. (2022). Cardiac cycle timing and contractility following acute sport-related concussion. Res. Sport. Med., 1\u20138.","DOI":"10.1080\/15438627.2022.2102918"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102204","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nicl.2020.102204","article-title":"Multi-modal normalization of resting-state using local physiology reduces changes in functional connectivity patterns observed in mTBI patients","volume":"26","author":"Champagne","year":"2020","journal-title":"NeuroImage Clin."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"434","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nicl.2018.05.011","article-title":"Association of acute depressive symptoms and functional connectivity of emotional processing regions following sport-related concussion","volume":"19","author":"McCuddy","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neuroimage Clin."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"326","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp-2018-318886","article-title":"Disruption of periaqueductal grey-default mode network functional connectivity predicts persistent post-traumatic headache in mild traumatic brain injury","volume":"90","author":"Niu","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1189","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-021-01589-5","article-title":"Subjective concerns regarding the effects of sport-related concussion on long-term brain health among former NFL players: An NFL-LONG study","volume":"52","author":"Walton","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sport. Med."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"094001","DOI":"10.1088\/1361-6579\/abaaf0","article-title":"Comparison of different modulations of photoplethysmography in extracting respiratory rate: From a physiological perspective","volume":"41","author":"Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Physiol. Meas."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2020.00042","article-title":"Neurovascular coupling by functional near infra-red spectroscopy and sport-related concussion in retired rugby players: The UK rugby health project","volume":"14","author":"Sharma","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Hum. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1213\/ANE.0000000000000790","article-title":"Monitoring cerebral autoregulation after brain injury: Multimodal assessment of cerebral slow-wave oscillations using near-infrared spectroscopy","volume":"121","author":"Highton","year":"2015","journal-title":"Anesth. Analg."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2165","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-021-04681-w","article-title":"Cerebral autoregulation assessed by near-infrared spectroscopy: Validation using transcranial Doppler in patients with controlled hypertension, cognitive impairment and controls","volume":"121","author":"Mol","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur. J. Appl. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1007\/s12028-008-9140-5","article-title":"Near-infrared spectroscopy can monitor dynamic cerebral autoregulation in adults","volume":"10","author":"Steiner","year":"2009","journal-title":"Neurocritical. Care."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.3389\/fped.2018.00117","article-title":"Measuring near-infrared spectroscopy derived cerebral autoregulation in neonates: From research tool toward bedside multimodal monitoring","volume":"6","author":"Thewissen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1230","DOI":"10.1109\/10.790500","article-title":"Wavelet analysis of oscillations in the peripheral blood circulation measured by laser Doppler technique","volume":"46","author":"Stefanovska","year":"1999","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"692","DOI":"10.1038\/jcbfm.2013.4","article-title":"Age-related changes in spontaneous oscillations assessed by wavelet transform of cerebral oxygenation and arterial blood pressure signals","volume":"33","author":"Li","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1186\/s40659-021-00362-2","article-title":"Mild poikilocapnic hypoxia increases very low frequency haemoglobin oxygenation oscillations in prefrontal cortex","volume":"54","author":"Gruszecka","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biol. Res."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3057","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-21038-0","article-title":"Human subarachnoid space width oscillations in the resting state","volume":"8","author":"Gruszecki","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"838","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2017-097699","article-title":"Consensus statement on concussion in sport-the 5(th) international conference on concussion in sport held in Berlin, October 2016","volume":"51","author":"McCrory","year":"2017","journal-title":"Br. J. Sport. Med."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"240","DOI":"10.1016\/j.crphys.2022.06.003","article-title":"The influence of external stressors on physiological testing: Implication for return-to-play protocols","volume":"5","author":"Ellingson","year":"2022","journal-title":"Curr. Res. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00264.2015","article-title":"Methodological comparison of active- and passive-driven oscillations in blood pressure; implications for the assessment of cerebral pressure-flow relationships","volume":"119","author":"Smirl","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Appl. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Neary, J.P., Singh, J., Bishop, S.A., Dech, R.T., Butz, M.J.A., and Len, T.K. (2019). An Evidence-Based Objective Study Protocol for Evaluating Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Indices Following Concussion: The Neary Protocol. Methods Protoc., 2.","DOI":"10.3390\/mps2010023"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18668","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-75037-1","article-title":"Comparison of near infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) and near-infrared transillumination-backscattering sounding (NIR-T\/BSS) methods","volume":"10","author":"Gruszecka","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e013357","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2016-013357","article-title":"Wavelet coherence analysis of cerebral oxygenation signals measured by near-infrared spectroscopy in sailors: An exploratory, experimental study","volume":"6","author":"Bu","year":"2016","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5391","DOI":"10.1118\/1.4928672","article-title":"Frequency-specific functional connectivity revealed by wavelet-based coherence analysis in elderly subjects with cerebral infarction using NIRS method","volume":"42","author":"Tan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Med. Phys."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2018.01.026","article-title":"Effects of poor sleep quality on brain functional connectivity revealed by wavelet-based coherence analysis using NIRS methods in elderly subjects","volume":"668","author":"Bu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neurosci. Lett."},{"key":"ref_48","first-page":"4452","article-title":"Shedding light on the adult brain: A review of the clinical applications of near-infrared spectroscopy","volume":"369","author":"Smith","year":"2011","journal-title":"Philos. Trans. A Math. Phys. Eng. Sci."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"074001","DOI":"10.1088\/1361-6579\/ac0a34","article-title":"Filtering-induced time shifts in photoplethysmography pulse features measured at different body sites: The importance of filter definition and standardization","volume":"42","author":"Liu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Physiol. Meas."},{"key":"ref_50","first-page":"21","article-title":"Power comparisons of shapiro-wilk, kolmogorov-smirnov, lilliefors and anderson-darling tests","volume":"2","author":"Razali","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Stat. Model. Anal."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Neary, J.P., Singh, J., Christiansen, J.P., Teckchandani, T.A., and Potter, K.L. (2020). Causal Link between Ventricular Ectopy and Concussion. Case Rep. Med., 7154120.","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/7154120"}],"container-title":["Brain Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-3425\/12\/11\/1443\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T01:03:20Z","timestamp":1760144600000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-3425\/12\/11\/1443"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,26]]},"references-count":51,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,11]]}},"alternative-id":["brainsci12111443"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/brainsci12111443","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-3425"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-3425","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,26]]}}}