{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,24]],"date-time":"2026-07-24T10:46:26Z","timestamp":1784889986084,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":129,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,14]],"date-time":"2022-11-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1668384000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000780","name":"European Union","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["847826"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["847826"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000780","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Brain Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Intelligence scores in males with Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy (DMD) and Becker Muscular Dystrophy (BMD) remain a major issue in clinical practice. We performed a literature review and meta-analysis to further delineate the intellectual functioning of dystrophinopathies. Method: Published, peer-reviewed articles assessing intelligence, using Wechsler Scales, of males with DMD or BMD were searched from 1960 to 2022. Meta-analysis with random-effects models was conducted, assessing weighted, mean effect sizes of full-scale IQ (FSIQ) scores relative to normative data (Mean = 100, Standard Deviation = 15). Post hoc we analysed differences between performance and verbal intelligence scores. Results: 43 studies were included, reporting data on 1472 males with dystrophinopathies; with FSIQ scores available for 1234 DMD (k = 32) and 101 BMD (k = 7). DMD males score, on average, one standard deviation below average (FSIQ = 84.76) and significantly lower than BMD (FSIQ = 92.11). Compared to a previous meta-analysis published in 2001, we find, on average, significantly higher FSIQ scores in DMD. Conclusion: Males with Duchenne have, on average, significantly lower FSIQ scores than BMD males and the general population. Clinicians must consider lower intelligence in dystrophinopathies to ensure good clinical practice.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci12111544","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,15]],"date-time":"2022-11-15T02:28:58Z","timestamp":1668479338000},"page":"1544","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["Wechsler Scale Intelligence Testing in Males with Dystrophinopathies: A Review and Meta-Analysis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1703-486X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pien M. M.","family":"Weerkamp","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Expert Centre for Neurological and Developmental Learning Disabilities, Kempenhaeghe, Sterkselseweg 65, 5591 VE Heeze, The Netherlands"},{"name":"School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Universiteitssingel 40, UNS40, 6229 ER Maastricht, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eva M.","family":"Mol","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Expert Centre for Neurological and Developmental Learning Disabilities, Kempenhaeghe, Sterkselseweg 65, 5591 VE Heeze, The Netherlands"},{"name":"Klimmendaal Academy, Klimmendaal Rehabilitation Specialists, Heijenoordseweg 5, 6813 GG Arnhem, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2921-362X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dirk J. J.","family":"Sweere","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Expert Centre for Neurological and Developmental Learning Disabilities, Kempenhaeghe, Sterkselseweg 65, 5591 VE Heeze, The Netherlands"},{"name":"School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Universiteitssingel 40, UNS40, 6229 ER Maastricht, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Debby G. M.","family":"Schrans","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mutsaersstichting, Postweg 88, 5915 HB Venlo, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3503-3625","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"R. Jeroen","family":"Vermeulen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Universiteitssingel 40, UNS40, 6229 ER Maastricht, The Netherlands"},{"name":"Department of Neurology, Maastricht University Medical Centre, 6229 ER Maastricht, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sylvia","family":"Klinkenberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Expert Centre for Neurological and Developmental Learning Disabilities, Kempenhaeghe, Sterkselseweg 65, 5591 VE Heeze, The Netherlands"},{"name":"School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Universiteitssingel 40, UNS40, 6229 ER Maastricht, The Netherlands"},{"name":"Department of Neurology, Maastricht University Medical Centre, 6229 ER Maastricht, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4366-3707","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Petra P. M.","family":"Hurks","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Universiteitssingel 40, UNS40, 6229 ER Maastricht, The Netherlands"},{"name":"Department of Neurology, Maastricht University Medical Centre, 6229 ER Maastricht, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jos G. M.","family":"Hendriksen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Expert Centre for Neurological and Developmental Learning Disabilities, Kempenhaeghe, Sterkselseweg 65, 5591 VE Heeze, The Netherlands"},{"name":"School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Universiteitssingel 40, UNS40, 6229 ER Maastricht, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(18)30026-7","article-title":"Diagnosis and management of Duchenne muscular dystrophy, part 3: Primary care, emergency management, psychosocial care, and transitions of care across the lifespan","volume":"17","author":"Birnkrant","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"722","DOI":"10.1097\/WCO.0000000000000739","article-title":"Update in Duchenne and Becker muscular dystrophy","volume":"32","author":"Waldrop","year":"2019","journal-title":"Curr. 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