{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,10]],"date-time":"2026-02-10T01:37:40Z","timestamp":1770687460436,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":149,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,19]],"date-time":"2022-11-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1668816000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Italian Ministry of Health (RRC)"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Brain Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Parkinson\u2019s disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disorder often associated with pre-motor symptoms involving both gastrointestinal and olfactory tissues. PD patients frequently suffer from hyposmia, hyposalivation, dysphagia and gastrointestinal dysfunctions. During the last few years it has been speculated that microbial agents could play a crucial role in PD. In particular, alterations of the microbiota composition (dysbiosis) might contribute to the formation of misfolded \u03b1-synuclein, which is believed to be the leading cause of PD. However, while several findings confirmed that there might be an important link between intestinal microbiota alterations and PD onset, little is known about the potential contribution of the nasal microbiota. Here, we describe the latest findings on this topic by considering that more than 80% of patients with PD develop remarkable olfactory deficits in their prodromal disease stage. Therefore, the nasal microbiota might contribute to PD, eventually boosting the gut microbiota in promoting disease onset. Finally, we present the applications of the seed amplification assays to the study of the gut and olfactory mucosa of PD patients, and how they could be exploited to investigate whether pathogenic bacteria present in the gut and the nose might promote \u03b1-synuclein misfolding and aggregation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci12111579","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,21]],"date-time":"2022-11-21T03:07:23Z","timestamp":1669000043000},"page":"1579","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Approaching the Gut and Nasal Microbiota in Parkinson\u2019s Disease in the Era of the Seed Amplification Assays"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6610-764X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alessandra","family":"Consonni","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Neurology 4-Neuroimmunology and Neuromuscular Diseases, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, 20133 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Martina","family":"Miglietti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Neurology 4-Neuroimmunology and Neuromuscular Diseases, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, 20133 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chiara Maria Giulia","family":"De Luca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Neurology 5-Neuropathology, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, 20133 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Federico Angelo","family":"Cazzaniga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Neurology 5-Neuropathology, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, 20133 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Arianna","family":"Ciullini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Neurology 5-Neuropathology, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, 20133 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ilaria Linda","family":"Dellarole","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Neurology 5-Neuropathology, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, 20133 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5768-4536","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giuseppe","family":"Bufano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Neurology 5-Neuropathology, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, 20133 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6478-026X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alessio","family":"Di Fonzo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Neurology, Fondazione IRCCS Ca\u2019 Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4803-0802","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giorgio","family":"Giaccone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Neurology 5-Neuropathology, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, 20133 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4618-0102","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fulvio","family":"Baggi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Neurology 4-Neuroimmunology and Neuromuscular Diseases, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, 20133 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2820-9880","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fabio","family":"Moda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Neurology 5-Neuropathology, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, 20133 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S38","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1753-4887.2012.00493.x","article-title":"Defining the Human Microbiome","volume":"70","author":"Ursell","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nutr. 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