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(2) Methods: 35 chronic high-altitude hypoxic adults and 32 matched controls were recruited. They were required to perform the go\/no-go sustained attention task (GSAT) using event-related potentials. Three machine learning algorithms, namely a support vector machine (SVM), logistic regression (LR), and a decision tree (DT), were trained based on the related ERP components and neural oscillations to build a dichotomous classification model. (3) Results: Behaviorally, we found that the high altitude (HA) group had lower omission error rates during all observation periods than the low altitude (LA) group. Meanwhile, the ERP results showed that the HA participants had significantly shorter latency than the LAs for sustained potential (SP), indicating vigilance to response-related conflict. Meanwhile, event-related spectral perturbation (ERSP) analysis suggested that lowlander immigrants exposed to high altitudes may have compensatory activated prefrontal cortexes (PFC), as reflected by slow alpha, beta, and theta frequency-band neural oscillations. Finally, the machine learning results showed that the SVM achieved the optimal classification F1 score in the later stage of sustained attention, with an F1 score of 0.93, accuracy of 92.54%, sensitivity of 91.43%, specificity of 93.75%, and area under ROC curve (AUC) of 0.97. The results proved that SVM classification algorithms could be applied to identify chronic high-altitude hypoxia. (4) Conclusions: Compared with other methods, the SVM leads to a good overall performance that increases with the time spent on task, illustrating that the ERPs and neural oscillations may provide neuroelectrophysiological markers for identifying chronic plateau hypoxia.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci12121677","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,7]],"date-time":"2022-12-07T04:38:54Z","timestamp":1670387934000},"page":"1677","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Machine Learning Based on Event-Related EEG of Sustained Attention Differentiates Adults with Chronic High-Altitude Exposure from Healthy Controls"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Haining","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Psychology Department, Chengde Medical University, Chengde 067000, China"},{"name":"Hebei Key Laboratory of Nerve Injury and Repair, Chengde Medical University, Chengde 067000, China"},{"name":"Hebei International Research Center of Medical Engineering, Chengde Medical University, Chengde 067000, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ruijuan","family":"Shi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Plateau Brain Science Research Center, Tibet University\/South China Normal University, Lhasa 850012, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Runchao","family":"Liao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, Chengde Medical University, Chengde 067000, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yanli","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, Chengde Medical University, Chengde 067000, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jiajun","family":"Che","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Psychology Department, Chengde Medical University, Chengde 067000, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ziyu","family":"Bai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Psychology Department, Chengde Medical University, Chengde 067000, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nan","family":"Cheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Psychology Department, Chengde Medical University, Chengde 067000, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hailin","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hebei International Research Center of Medical Engineering, Chengde Medical University, Chengde 067000, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.26599\/SAB.2020.9060008","article-title":"Overactive alerting attention function in immigrants to high-altitude Tibet","volume":"1","author":"Ma","year":"2021","journal-title":"Stress Brain"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113785","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2022.113785","article-title":"Intensity-dependent acute aerobic exercise: Effect on reactive control of attentional functions in acclimatized lowlanders at high altitude","volume":"250","author":"Su","year":"2022","journal-title":"Physiol. 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