{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]],"date-time":"2026-10-16T14:07:20Z","timestamp":1792159640694,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,8]],"date-time":"2022-12-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1670457600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004826","name":"Beijing Natural Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["7212033"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["7212033"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004826","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004826","name":"Beijing Natural Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["HXZX-20210401"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HXZX-20210401"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004826","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Respiratory Research Project of National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases","award":["7212033"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["7212033"]}]},{"name":"Respiratory Research Project of National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases","award":["HXZX-20210401"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HXZX-20210401"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Brain Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Although previous studies have reported a facial expression classification deficit among adults with SDB, we do not know whether these findings can be generalized to children. In our study, children with sleep-disordered breathing (SDB) were divided into three groups: primary snoring (n = 51), mild obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) (n = 39), and moderate\/severe OSA (n = 26). All participants, including 20 healthy controls, underwent an overnight polysomnography recording and the Emotional Expression Recognition Task. Psychosocial problems were evaluated using the parent-reported Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ). There was a borderline significant interaction between expression category and group on reaction times. Further analysis revealed that positive classification advantage (PCA) disappeared in the moderate\/severe OSA group, whereas it persisted in the control, primary snoring, and mild OSA groups. Emotional symptoms were positively correlated with OAHI. In both the happy and sad conditions, RT was negatively related to age and body mass index (BMI) but was independent of the obstructive apnea-hypopnea index (OAHI), arterial oxygen (SaO2) and total sleep time. The accuracy of identifying a sad expression was negatively related to conduct problems. Children with moderate\/severe OSA exhibited dysfunction in facial expression categorization, which could potentially affect social communication ability.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci12121688","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,9]],"date-time":"2022-12-09T02:20:31Z","timestamp":1670552431000},"page":"1688","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Facial Emotion Recognition Deficit in Children with Moderate\/Severe Obstructive Sleep Apnea"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Fu-Jun","family":"Zhao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Beijing Children\u2019s Hospital, National Center for Children\u2019s Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100045, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5458-0210","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Qing-Wei","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Center for International Research on Green Optoelectronics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China"},{"name":"Lab of Light and Physio-Psychological Health, School of Psychology, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China"},{"name":"Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Optical Information Materials and Technology & Institute of Electronic Paper Displays, South China Academy of Advanced Optoelectronics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yunxiao","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Beijing Key Laboratory of Pediatric Diseases of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Beijing Pediatric Research Institute, Beijing Children\u2019s Hospital, National Center for Children\u2019s Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100045, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaohong","family":"Xie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Respiratory Medicine, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Chongqing 400014, China"},{"name":"International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Child Development and Critical Disorders, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Children\u2019s Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400715, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhifei","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Respiratory Medicine, Beijing Children\u2019s Hospital, National Center for Children\u2019s Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100045, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xin","family":"Ni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Beijing Children\u2019s Hospital, National Center for Children\u2019s Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100045, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Guo, Y., Pan, Z., Gao, F., Wang, Q., Pan, S., Xu, S., Hui, Y., Li, L., and Qian, J. 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