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However, little is known about the neural correlates of handwriting in children. Using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) and a copying task, we investigated regional brain activation and functional lateralization associated with Chinese handwriting in children (N = 36, 9\u201311 years old), as well as their relations to reading skills. We found significant activation of the bilateral frontal motor cortices, somatosensory cortex, intraparietal sulcus (IPS), fusiform gyrus (FuG), and cerebellum during handwriting, suggesting that an adult-like brain activation pattern emerges by middle childhood. Moreover, children showed left-lateralized and bilateral activation of motor regions and right-lateralized activation of the FuG and cerebellum during handwriting, suggesting that functional lateralization of handwriting is not fully established by this age. Finally, the activation of Exner\u2019s area and the lateralization of the IPS and cerebellum during handwriting were correlated with reading skills, possibly representing a neural link between handwriting and reading in children. Collectively, this study reveals the brain correlates of handwriting and their relation to reading development in Chinese children, offering new insight into the development of handwriting and reading skills.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci12121724","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,19]],"date-time":"2022-12-19T05:55:43Z","timestamp":1671429343000},"page":"1724","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Brain Correlates of Chinese Handwriting and Their Relation to Reading Development in Children: An fMRI Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Jun","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Education, Capital Normal University, Beijing 100048, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Liying","family":"Kang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Preschool Education, Capital Normal University, Beijing 100048, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Junjun","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CAS Key Laboratory of Behavioral Science, Center for Brain Science and Learning Difficulties, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China"},{"name":"Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yizhen","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CAS Key Laboratory of Behavioral Science, Center for Brain Science and Learning Difficulties, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China"},{"name":"Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hongyan","family":"Bi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CAS Key Laboratory of Behavioral Science, Center for Brain Science and Learning Difficulties, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China"},{"name":"Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3705-7612","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yang","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CAS Key Laboratory of Behavioral Science, Center for Brain Science and Learning Difficulties, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China"},{"name":"Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1177\/1468798414522825","article-title":"Handwriting in early childhood education: Current research and future implications","volume":"15","author":"Dinehart","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. 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