{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T01:44:29Z","timestamp":1760147069062,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":79,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,5]],"date-time":"2023-01-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1672876800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Brazilian National Council for Scientific and Technological Development","award":["465346\/2014-6","303883-2021-9","FAPERJ APq1 E-26\/010.000080\/2018"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["465346\/2014-6","303883-2021-9","FAPERJ APq1 E-26\/010.000080\/2018"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003593","name":"National Institutes of Science and Technology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["465346\/2014-6","303883-2021-9","FAPERJ APq1 E-26\/010.000080\/2018"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["465346\/2014-6","303883-2021-9","FAPERJ APq1 E-26\/010.000080\/2018"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003593","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Science Productivity Fellowship","award":["465346\/2014-6","303883-2021-9","FAPERJ APq1 E-26\/010.000080\/2018"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["465346\/2014-6","303883-2021-9","FAPERJ APq1 E-26\/010.000080\/2018"]}]},{"name":"Rio de Janeiro Foundation for the Support of Science","award":["465346\/2014-6","303883-2021-9","FAPERJ APq1 E-26\/010.000080\/2018"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["465346\/2014-6","303883-2021-9","FAPERJ APq1 E-26\/010.000080\/2018"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Brain Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Education is believed to contribute positively to brain structure and function, as well as to cognitive reserve. One of the brain regions most impacted by education is the medial temporal lobe (MTL), a region that houses the hippocampus, which has an important role in learning processes and in consolidation of memories, and is also known to undergo neurogenesis in adulthood. We aimed to investigate the influence of education on the absolute cell numbers of the MTL (comprised by the hippocampal formation, amygdala, and parahippocampal gyrus) of men without cognitive impairment. Methods: The Isotropic Fractionator technique was used to allow the anisotropic brain tissue to be transformed into an isotropic suspension of nuclei, and therefore assess the absolute cell composition of the MTL. We dissected twenty-six brains from men aged 47 to 64 years, with either low or high education. Results: A significant difference between groups was observed in brain mass, but not in MTL mass. No significant difference was found between groups in the number of total cells, number of neurons, and number of non-neuronal cells. Regression analysis showed that the total number of cells, number of neurons, and number of non-neuronal cells in MTL were not affected by education. Conclusions: The results indicate a resilience of the absolute cellular composition of the MTL of typical men to low schooling, suggesting that the cellularity of brain regions is not affected by formal education.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci13010104","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,5]],"date-time":"2023-01-05T04:51:31Z","timestamp":1672894291000},"page":"104","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Resilience of Neural Cellularity to the Influence of Low Educational Level"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Viviane A. Carvalho","family":"de Morais","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Neuroplasticity Laboratory, Instituto de Ci\u00eancias Biom\u00e9dicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, RJ, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ana V.","family":"de Oliveira-Pinto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neuroplasticity Laboratory, Instituto de Ci\u00eancias Biom\u00e9dicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, RJ, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Arthur F.","family":"Mello Neto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neuroplasticity Laboratory, Instituto de Ci\u00eancias Biom\u00e9dicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, RJ, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1001-3625","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jaqueline S.","family":"Freitas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neuroplasticity Laboratory, Instituto de Ci\u00eancias Biom\u00e9dicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, RJ, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Magn\u00f3lia M.","family":"da Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biobank for Aging Studies, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de S\u00e3o Paulo, S\u00e3o Paulo 01246-903, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Claudia Kimie","family":"Suemoto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biobank for Aging Studies, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de S\u00e3o Paulo, S\u00e3o Paulo 01246-903, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Renata P.","family":"Leite","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biobank for Aging Studies, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de S\u00e3o Paulo, S\u00e3o Paulo 01246-903, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lea T.","family":"Grinberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Memory and Aging Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wilson","family":"Jacob-Filho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biobank for Aging Studies, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de S\u00e3o Paulo, S\u00e3o Paulo 01246-903, SP, Brazil"},{"name":"Laboratory of Medical Research in Aging (LIM-66), Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de S\u00e3o Paulo, S\u00e3o Paulo 01246-903, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Carlos","family":"Pasqualucci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biobank for Aging Studies, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de S\u00e3o Paulo, S\u00e3o Paulo 01246-903, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ricardo","family":"Nitrini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biobank for Aging Studies, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de S\u00e3o Paulo, S\u00e3o Paulo 01246-903, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Paulo","family":"Caramelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Behavioral and Cognitive Neurology Research Group, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 30130-100, MG, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Roberto","family":"Lent","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neuroplasticity Laboratory, Instituto de Ci\u00eancias Biom\u00e9dicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, RJ, Brazil"},{"name":"D\u2019Or Institute of Research and Education, Rio de Janeiro 22281-100, RJ, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"448","DOI":"10.1017\/S1355617702813248","article-title":"What is cognitive reserve? 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