{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T05:23:42Z","timestamp":1790745822103,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,19]],"date-time":"2023-01-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1674086400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Key Program of the National Social Science Foundation of China","award":["14ZDB157"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["14ZDB157"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Brain Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Previous studies have found that individuals with dyslexia perform poorly in paired associate learning (PAL) tasks, which were explained by a deficit in cross-modal association or verbal demand in alphabetic language. However, the nature of PAL deficits in non-alphabetic languages remains unclear. In this study, we conducted PAL and priming tasks in visual\u2013visual, visual\u2013verbal, verbal\u2013visual, and verbal\u2013verbal conditions to dissociate the cross-modal and verbal demands in Chinese children with dyslexia. In Experiment 1, children with dyslexia performed worse in verbal-involved PAL (visual\u2013verbal, verbal\u2013visual, and verbal\u2013verbal) than the control children. Experiment 2 revealed that children with dyslexia performed better than the control children in the verbal\u2013visual condition. Our results suggest that children with dyslexia have an intact ability to form cross-modal associations, which also implies that phonological deficits might be the key to PAL deficits in Chinese children with dyslexia.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci13020172","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,20]],"date-time":"2023-01-20T02:35:55Z","timestamp":1674182155000},"page":"172","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["The Nature of Paired Associate Learning Deficits in Chinese Children with Developmental Dyslexia"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Ting","family":"Yang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Psychology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China"},{"name":"Beijing Key Laboratory of Applied Experimental Psychology, School of Psychology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yan","family":"Cai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Psychology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China"},{"name":"Beijing Key Laboratory of Applied Experimental Psychology, School of Psychology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2802-9465","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hong","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Psychology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China"},{"name":"Beijing Key Laboratory of Applied Experimental Psychology, School of Psychology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiangping","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Psychology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China"},{"name":"Beijing Key Laboratory of Applied Experimental Psychology, School of Psychology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s11881-003-0001-9","article-title":"A definition of dyslexia","volume":"53","author":"Lyon","year":"2003","journal-title":"Ann. 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