{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,20]],"date-time":"2026-01-20T07:43:38Z","timestamp":1768895018217,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,20]],"date-time":"2023-01-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1674172800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Brain Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Isolated rapid-eye-movement sleep behaviour disorder (RBD) is considered the prodromal stage of \u03b1-synucleinopathies (e.g., Parkinson\u2019s disease and dementia with Lewy bodies); however, iRBD patients show a wide variety in the progression timing (5\u201315 years). The model of cognitive reserve (CR) might contribute to explaining this phenomenon. Our exploratory study aimed to evaluate, for the first time, the impact of CR level on cognitive performance in polysomnography-confirmed iRBD patients. Fifty-five iRBD patients (mean age \u00b1 SD: 66.38 \u00b1 7.51; M\/F 44\/11) underwent clinical and neuropsychological evaluations at the time of diagnosis. The CR Index questionnaire was part of the clinical assessment. We found that iRBD patients with high levels of CR showed: (i) the lowest percentage of mild cognitive impairment (10%), and (ii) the best performance in visuo-constructive and verbal memory functions (i.e., the recall of the Rey\u2013Osterrieth complex figure test). Our results suggest that CR might help iRBD patients better cope with the cognitive decline related to the neurodegenerative process, providing the first preliminary findings supporting CR as a possible protective factor in this condition. This might pave the way for future longitudinal studies to evaluate the role of CR as a modulating factor in the timing of iRBD conversion and cognitive deterioration development.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci13020176","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,23]],"date-time":"2023-01-23T02:01:02Z","timestamp":1674439262000},"page":"176","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Cognitive Reserve in Isolated Rapid Eye-Movement Sleep Behavior Disorder"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1542-7467","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giada","family":"D\u2019Este","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, \u201cVita-Salute\u201d San Raffaele University, 20132 Milan, Italy"},{"name":"Sleep Disorders Center, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Neurology, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Francesca","family":"Berra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, \u201cVita-Salute\u201d San Raffaele University, 20132 Milan, Italy"},{"name":"Sleep Disorders Center, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Neurology, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Giulia","family":"Carli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Caterina","family":"Leitner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, \u201cVita-Salute\u201d San Raffaele University, 20132 Milan, Italy"},{"name":"Sleep Disorders Center, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Neurology, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sara","family":"Marelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sleep Disorders Center, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Neurology, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marco","family":"Zucconi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sleep Disorders Center, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Neurology, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Francesca","family":"Casoni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sleep Disorders Center, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Neurology, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Luigi","family":"Ferini-Strambi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, \u201cVita-Salute\u201d San Raffaele University, 20132 Milan, Italy"},{"name":"Sleep Disorders Center, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Neurology, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8132-1399","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrea","family":"Galbiati","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, \u201cVita-Salute\u201d San Raffaele University, 20132 Milan, Italy"},{"name":"Sleep Disorders Center, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Neurology, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"American Academy of Sleep Medicine (2014). 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