{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,14]],"date-time":"2026-07-14T12:01:20Z","timestamp":1784030480525,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":122,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,27]],"date-time":"2023-01-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1674777600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Brain Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Phonemic processing skills are impaired both in children and adults with dyslexia. Since phoneme representation development is based on articulatory gestures, it is likely that these gestures influence oral reading-related skills as assessed through phonemic awareness tasks. In our study, fifty-two young dyslexic adults, with and without motor impairment, and fifty-nine skilled readers performed reading, phonemic awareness, and articulatory tasks. The two dyslexic groups exhibited slower articulatory rates than skilled readers and the comorbid dyslexic group presenting with an additional difficulty in respiratory control (reduced speech proportion and increased pause duration). Two versions of the phoneme awareness task (PAT) with pseudoword strings were administered: a classical version under time pressure and a delayed version in which access to phonemic representations and articulatory programs was facilitated. The two groups with dyslexia were outperformed by the control group in both versions. Although the two groups with dyslexia performed equally well on the classical PAT, the comorbid group performed significantly less efficiently on the delayed PAT, suggesting an additional contribution of articulatory impairment in the task for this group. Overall, our results suggest that impaired phoneme representations in dyslexia may be explained, at least partially, by articulatory deficits affecting access to them.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci13020210","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,27]],"date-time":"2023-01-27T03:02:48Z","timestamp":1674788568000},"page":"210","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Phoneme Representation and Articulatory Impairment: Insights from Adults with Comorbid Motor Coordination Disorder and Dyslexia"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Rebecca","family":"Marchetti","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratoire de Neurosciences Cognitives (LNC), French National Centre for Scientific Research (CNRS), Aix-Marseille University, 13007 Marseille, France"},{"name":"Laboratoire de Psychologie Cognitive (LPC), French National Centre for Scientific Research (CNRS), Aix-Marseille University, 13003 Marseille, France"},{"name":"Federation de Recherche 3C, French National Centre for Scientific Research (CNRS), Aix-Marseille University, 13003 Marseille, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3375-4787","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Serge","family":"Pinto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratoire Parole et Langage (LPL), French National Centre for Scientific Research (CNRS), Aix-Marseille University, 13100 Aix-en-Provence, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laure","family":"Spieser","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratoire de Neurosciences Cognitives (LNC), French National Centre for Scientific Research (CNRS), Aix-Marseille University, 13007 Marseille, France"},{"name":"Federation de Recherche 3C, French National Centre for Scientific Research (CNRS), Aix-Marseille University, 13003 Marseille, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marianne","family":"Vaugoyeau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratoire de Neurosciences Cognitives (LNC), French National Centre for Scientific Research (CNRS), Aix-Marseille University, 13007 Marseille, France"},{"name":"Federation de Recherche 3C, French National Centre for Scientific Research (CNRS), Aix-Marseille University, 13003 Marseille, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eddy","family":"Cavalli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratoire d\u2019Etude des M\u00e9canismes Cognitifs (EA3082), University Lumi\u00e8re Lyon 2, 69007 Lyon, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abdessadek","family":"El Ahmadi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratoire de Neurosciences Cognitives (LNC), French National Centre for Scientific Research (CNRS), Aix-Marseille University, 13007 Marseille, France"},{"name":"Federation de Recherche 3C, French National Centre for Scientific Research (CNRS), Aix-Marseille University, 13003 Marseille, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christine","family":"Assaiante","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratoire de Neurosciences Cognitives (LNC), French National Centre for Scientific Research (CNRS), Aix-Marseille University, 13007 Marseille, France"},{"name":"Federation de Recherche 3C, French National Centre for Scientific Research (CNRS), Aix-Marseille University, 13003 Marseille, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pascale","family":"Col\u00e9","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratoire de Psychologie Cognitive (LPC), French National Centre for Scientific Research (CNRS), Aix-Marseille University, 13003 Marseille, France"},{"name":"Federation de Recherche 3C, French National Centre for Scientific Research (CNRS), Aix-Marseille University, 13003 Marseille, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1186\/s11689-019-9287-8","article-title":"Are there shared neural correlates between dyslexia and ADHD? A meta-analysis of voxel-based morphometry studies","volume":"11","author":"McGrath","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Neurodev. Disord."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"686","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpp.12029","article-title":"Predictors of developmental dyslexia in European orthographies with varying complexity: Cross-linguistic predictors of dyslexia","volume":"54","author":"Landerl","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Child Psychol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1007\/s11881-021-00226-0","article-title":"Orthographic depth and developmental dyslexia: A meta-analytic study","volume":"71","author":"Carioti","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ann. Dyslexia"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"American Psychiatric Association (2013). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders: DSM-5, American Psychiatric Publishing.","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.books.9780890425596"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cognition.2006.04.008","article-title":"From single to multiple deficit models of developmental disorders","volume":"101","author":"Pennington","year":"2006","journal-title":"Cognition"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"750","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpp.12488","article-title":"Predicting dyslexia using prereading skills: The role of sensorimotor and cognitive abilities","volume":"57","author":"Carroll","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Child Psychol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1080\/10888438.2012.736439","article-title":"Cognitive endophenotypes of dyslexia","volume":"17","author":"Moll","year":"2013","journal-title":"Sci. Stud. Read."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/10888438.2019.1702045","article-title":"Introduction to the Special Issue \u201cComorbidities between Reading Disorders and Other Developmental Disorders\u201d","volume":"24","author":"Moll","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Stud. Read."},{"key":"ref_9","first-page":"e13039","article-title":"Bridging sensory and language theories of dyslexia: Toward a multifactorial model","volume":"24","author":"Yeatman","year":"2020","journal-title":"Dev. Sci."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1997","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(12)60198-6","article-title":"Seminar: Developmental Dyslexia","volume":"379","author":"Peterson","year":"2012","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1007\/s11055-021-01072-8","article-title":"Dyslexia as a multifactorial disorder","volume":"51","author":"Surushkina","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neurosci. Behav. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_12","first-page":"346","article-title":"The intergenerational multiple deficit model and the case of dyslexia","volume":"8","year":"2014","journal-title":"Front. Hum. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_13","unstructured":"Col\u00e9, P., and Sprenger-Charolles, L. (2021). La dyslexie: De L\u2019enfant \u00e0 L\u2019adulte, Dunod."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1007\/s11881-016-0138-y","article-title":"Phonemic-Morphemic dissociation in university students with dyslexia: An index of reading compensation?","volume":"67","author":"Cavalli","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ann. Dyslexia"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.1177\/0022219417704637","article-title":"Screening for dyslexia in French-speaking University students: An evaluation of the detection accuracy of the Alouette Test","volume":"51","author":"Cavalli","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Learn. Disabil."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1106","DOI":"10.1111\/ejn.14623","article-title":"Investigation into inconsistent lateralization of language functions as a potential risk factor for language impairment","volume":"51","author":"Bradshaw","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur. J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107358","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropsychologia.2020.107358","article-title":"Semantic compensation and novel word learning in university students with dyslexia","volume":"139","author":"Rasamimanana","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"468","DOI":"10.1038\/241468a0","article-title":"Defect of non-verbal auditory perception in children with developmental aphasia","volume":"241","author":"Tallal","year":"1973","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.1016\/0093-934X(80)90139-X","article-title":"Auditory temporal perception, phonics, and reading disabilities in children","volume":"9","author":"Tallal","year":"1980","journal-title":"Brain Lang."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kapoula, Z., Gaertner, C., and Matheron, E. (2012). Spherical lenses and prisms lead to postural instability in both dyslexic and non dyslexic adolescents. PLoS ONE, 7.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0046739"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"599","DOI":"10.1007\/s00221-011-2593-3","article-title":"Integration of proprioceptive signals and attentional capacity during postural control are impaired but subject to improvement in dyslexic children","volume":"209","author":"Quercia","year":"2011","journal-title":"Exp. Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"508","DOI":"10.1016\/S0166-2236(00)01896-8","article-title":"Developmental dyslexia: The cerebellar deficit hypothesis","volume":"24","author":"Nicolson","year":"2001","journal-title":"Trends Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2009.08.016","article-title":"Dyslexia, dysgraphia, procedural learning and the cerebellum","volume":"47","author":"Nicolson","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cortex"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2009.10.005","article-title":"The cerebellum and dyslexia","volume":"47","author":"Stoodley","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cortex"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1007\/s12311-012-0407-1","article-title":"Cerebellar function in developmental dyslexia","volume":"12","author":"Stoodley","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cerebellum"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lohvansuu, K., Torppa, M., Ahonen, T., Eklund, K., H\u00e4m\u00e4l\u00e4inen, J.A., Lepp\u00e4nen, P.H., and Lyytinen, H. (2021). Unveiling the mysteries of dyslexia\u2014Lessons learned from the prospective Jyv\u00e4skyl\u00e4 longitudinal study of dyslexia. Brain Sci., 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci11040427"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"712","DOI":"10.1111\/1469-7610.00157","article-title":"The relationship between motor control and phonology in dyslexic children","volume":"44","author":"Ramus","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Child Psychol. Psychiatry Allied Discip."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1037\/pne0000289","article-title":"Verbal and visual memory skills in children with dyslexia and dyscalculia","volume":"15","author":"Layes","year":"2022","journal-title":"Psychol. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2211","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2013.04.005","article-title":"Impaired short-term memory for order in adults with dyslexia","volume":"34","author":"Majerus","year":"2013","journal-title":"Res. Dev. Disabil."},{"key":"ref_30","first-page":"534","article-title":"What Underlies the Deficit in Rapid Automatized Naming (RAN) in Adults with Dyslexia? Evidence from Eye Movements","volume":"25","author":"Huettig","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Stud. Read."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4194","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2013.08.039","article-title":"Diagnostic profiles of children with developmental dyslexia in a transparent orthography","volume":"34","author":"Tilanus","year":"2013","journal-title":"Res. Dev. Disabil."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"284","DOI":"10.1002\/dys.1629","article-title":"Are children with developmental dyslexia all the same? A cluster analysis with more than 300 cases","volume":"25","author":"Toffalini","year":"2019","journal-title":"Dyslexia"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1002\/dys.1667","article-title":"Exploring the phonological profiles of children with reading difficulties: A multiple case study","volume":"26","author":"Mundy","year":"2020","journal-title":"Dyslexia"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"841","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awg076","article-title":"Theories of developmental dyslexia: Insights from a multiple case study of dyslexic adults","volume":"126","author":"Ramus","year":"2003","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zoccolotti, P. (2022). Success Is Not the Entire Story for a Scientific Theory: The Case of the Phonological Deficit Theory of Dyslexia. Brain Sci., 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci12040425"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1099-0909(200004\/06)6:2<133::AID-DYS160>3.0.CO;2-A","article-title":"Phonological representations, reading development and dyslexia: Towards a cross-linguistic theoretical framework","volume":"6","author":"Goswami","year":"2000","journal-title":"Dyslexia"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"491","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-295X.106.3.491","article-title":"Phonology, Reading Acquisition, and Dyslexia: Insights from Connectionist Models","volume":"106","author":"Harm","year":"1999","journal-title":"Psychol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"587","DOI":"10.1111\/1469-7610.00651","article-title":"Is preschool language impairment a risk factor for dyslexia in adolescence?","volume":"41","author":"Snowling","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Child Psychol. Psychiatry Allied Discip."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1251","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1244333","article-title":"Intact but less accessible phonetic representations in adults with dyslexia","volume":"342","author":"Boets","year":"2013","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"638","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2019.00638","article-title":"Deficient explicit access to phonological representations explains phonological fluency difficulties in Greek children with dyslexia and\/or developmental language disorder","volume":"10","author":"Mengisidou","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1080\/02643294.2012.677420","article-title":"Developmental dyslexia: The difficulties of interpreting poor performance, and the importance of normal performance","volume":"29","author":"Ramus","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cogn. Neuropsychol."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"316","DOI":"10.1177\/0142723716648841","article-title":"Exploring dyslexics\u2019 phonological deficit II: Phonological grammar","volume":"36","author":"Szenkovits","year":"2016","journal-title":"First Lang."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.1080\/03054985.2020.1765756","article-title":"Defining and understanding dyslexia: Past, present and future","volume":"46","author":"Snowling","year":"2020","journal-title":"Oxf. Rev. Educ."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1039","DOI":"10.1111\/1469-7610.00691","article-title":"Psychiatric comorbidity in children and adolescents with reading disability","volume":"41","author":"Willcutt","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Child Psychol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"368","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejpn.2007.03.006","article-title":"Motor impairment in dyslexia: The influence of attention disorders","volume":"11","author":"Chaix","year":"2007","journal-title":"Eur. J. Paediatr. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"tgaa011","DOI":"10.1093\/texcom\/tgaa011","article-title":"Intrinsic cortico-subcortical functional connectivity in developmental dyslexia and developmental coordination disorder","volume":"1","author":"Cignetti","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cereb. Cortex Commun."},{"key":"ref_47","unstructured":"Marquet-Dol\u00e9ac, J., R\u00e9gis, S., and Albaret, J.M. (2016). MABC-2 Batterie D\u2019\u00e9valuation du Mouvement chez L\u2019enfant, Editions du Centre de Psychologie Appliqu\u00e9e. [2nd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Henderson, S.E., Sugden, D.A., and Barnett, A.L. (2007). Movement Assessment Battery for Children, The Psychological Corporation. [2nd ed.].","DOI":"10.1037\/t55281-000"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108134","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropsychologia.2021.108134","article-title":"A sensorimotor representation impairment in dyslexic adults: A specific profile of comorbidity","volume":"165","author":"Marchetti","year":"2022","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2018.03.001","article-title":"Feedforward motor control in developmental dyslexia and developmental coordination disorder: Does comorbidity matter?","volume":"76","author":"Cignetti","year":"2018","journal-title":"Res. Dev. Disabil."},{"key":"ref_51","unstructured":"Nicolson, R.I., and Fawcett, A.J. (1999). Neuropsychology and Cognition, Springer."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Helland, T. (2022). Trends in Dyslexia Research during the Period 1950 to 2020\u2014Theories, Definitions, and Publications. Brain Sci., 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci12101323"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gosse, C., Dricot, L., and van Reybroeck, M. (2022). Evidence of Altered Functional Connectivity at Rest in the Writing Network of Children with Dyslexia. Brain Sci., 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci12020243"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"919440","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2022.919440","article-title":"Disruption of Functional Brain Networks Underlies the Handwriting Deficit in Children with Developmental Dyslexia","volume":"16","author":"Liu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1037\/dev0001293","article-title":"Rhythm as an independent determinant of developmental dyslexia","volume":"58","author":"Devignes","year":"2022","journal-title":"Dev. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1017\/S0305000909990432","article-title":"Developing language in a developing body: The relationship between motor development and language development","volume":"37","author":"Iverson","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Child Lang."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"670","DOI":"10.1044\/1092-4388(2001\/054)","article-title":"Early phonetic and lexical development: A productivity approach","volume":"44","author":"McCune","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Speech Lang. Hear. Res."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2777","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2019.02777","article-title":"Spoken language development and the challenge of skill integration","volume":"10","author":"Noiray","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1207\/s1532799xssr0302_1","article-title":"The Reading Researcher and the Reading Teacher Need the Right Theory of Speech","volume":"3","author":"Liberman","year":"1999","journal-title":"Sci. Stud. Read."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1163\/19589514-037-01-900000011","article-title":"The development of lingual gestures in speech: Experimental approach to language development","volume":"37","author":"Noiray","year":"2011","journal-title":"Faits Lang."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"601","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-0663.97.4.601","article-title":"Articulation accuracy and vocabulary size contributions to phonemic awareness and word reading in English language learners","volume":"97","author":"Roberts","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Educ. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2387","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhl147","article-title":"Hearing lips and seeing voices: How cortical areas supporting speech production mediate audiovisual speech perception","volume":"17","author":"Skipper","year":"2007","journal-title":"Cereb. Cortex"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1016\/j.humov.2008.07.002","article-title":"Language comprehension and dominant hand motion simulation","volume":"28","author":"Borghi","year":"2009","journal-title":"Hum. Mov. Sci."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1905","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhn217","article-title":"Grasping ideas with the motor system: Semantic somatotopy in idiom comprehension","volume":"19","author":"Boulenger","year":"2009","journal-title":"Cereb. Cortex"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropsychologia.2014.06.019","article-title":"Spatiotemporal dynamics during processing of abstract and concrete verbs: An ERP study","volume":"61","author":"Gentilucci","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1016\/S0896-6273(03)00838-9","article-title":"Somatotopic representation of action words in human motor and premotor cortex","volume":"41","author":"Hauk","year":"2004","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1007\/s10339-013-0583-z","article-title":"Understanding of action-related and abstract verbs in comparison: A behavioral and TMS study","volume":"15","author":"Innocenti","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cogn. Process."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropsychologia.2012.11.001","article-title":"The effects of rTMS over the primary motor cortex: The link between action and language","volume":"51","author":"Repetto","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1038\/s42003-020-01634-5","article-title":"Motor engagement relates to accurate perception of phonemes and audiovisual words, but not auditory words","volume":"4","author":"Michaelis","year":"2021","journal-title":"Commun. Biol."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"763","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropsychologia.2009.10.029","article-title":"Embodied cognition and beyond: Acting and sensing the body","volume":"48","author":"Borghi","year":"2010","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1315","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2017.01315","article-title":"The story so far: How embodied cognition advances our understanding of meaning-making","volume":"8","author":"Galetzka","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Guenther, F.H. (2016). Neural Control of Speech, MIT Press.","DOI":"10.7551\/mitpress\/10471.001.0001"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1214","DOI":"10.1080\/23273798.2019.1589541","article-title":"Articulating: The Neural Mechanisms of Speech Production","volume":"34","author":"Kearney","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lang. Cogn. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"952","DOI":"10.1080\/01690960903498424","article-title":"The DIVA model: A neural theory of speech acquisition and production","volume":"26","author":"Tourville","year":"2011","journal-title":"Lang. Cogn. Process."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tillerman, M. (2005). Language Origins: Perspectives on Evolution, Oxford University Press.","DOI":"10.1093\/oso\/9780199279036.001.0001"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"188","DOI":"10.1016\/S0166-2236(98)01260-0","article-title":"Language within our grasp","volume":"21","author":"Rizzolatti","year":"1998","journal-title":"Trends Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/10888438.2010.537715","article-title":"Oral language skills moderate nonword repetition skills in children with dyslexia: A meta-analysis of the role of nonword repetition skills in dyslexia","volume":"16","year":"2012","journal-title":"Sci. Stud. Read."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1877","DOI":"10.1177\/0956797615603702","article-title":"The foundations of literacy development in children at familial risk of dyslexia","volume":"26","author":"Hulme","year":"2015","journal-title":"Psychol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1002\/dys.290","article-title":"The characteristics of young and adult dyslexics readers on reading and reading related cognitive tasks as compared to normal readers","volume":"11","year":"2005","journal-title":"Dyslexia"},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-7687.2006.00483.x","article-title":"The role of sensorimotor impairments in dyslexia: A multiple case study of dyslexic children","volume":"9","author":"White","year":"2006","journal-title":"Dev. Sci."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1207\/S1532799XSSR0701_03","article-title":"Phonemic awareness instruction: Contribution of articulatory segmentation to novice beginners\u2019 reading and spelling","volume":"7","author":"Ehri","year":"2003","journal-title":"Sci. Stud. Read."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1044\/1058-0360(2006\/016)","article-title":"Longitudinal predictors of implicit phonological awareness skills","volume":"15","author":"Rvachew","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am. J. Speech-Lang. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1044\/jshr.1903.421","article-title":"Anatomical and neuromuscular maturation of the speech mechanism: Evidence from acoustic studies","volume":"19","author":"Kent","year":"1976","journal-title":"J. Speech Hear. Res."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165193","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/165193","article-title":"A comparative study on diadochokinetic skill of dyslexic, stuttering, and normal children","volume":"2013","author":"Malek","year":"2013","journal-title":"ISRN Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"278","DOI":"10.1177\/0022219411419014","article-title":"The speed of articulatory movements involved in speech production in children with Dyslexia","volume":"46","author":"Duranovic","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Learn. Disabil."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1002\/dys.222","article-title":"Children with dyslexia are slow to articulate a single speech gesture","volume":"8","author":"Fawcett","year":"2002","journal-title":"Dyslexia"},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1002\/dys.1672","article-title":"Profile of language abilities in a sample of adults with developmental disorders","volume":"27","author":"Bradshaw","year":"2021","journal-title":"Dyslexia"},{"key":"ref_88","unstructured":"Korkman, M., Kirk, U., and Kemp, S. (1998). NEPSY: A Developmental Neuropsychological Assessment Manual, The Psychological Corporation."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1002\/dys.201","article-title":"Evidence for an articulatory awareness deficit in adult dyslexics","volume":"8","author":"Griffiths","year":"2002","journal-title":"Dyslexia"},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1753","DOI":"10.2307\/1130836","article-title":"Phonological processing skills and deficits in adult dyslexics","volume":"61","author":"Pennington","year":"1990","journal-title":"Child Dev."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"913","DOI":"10.1037\/0012-1649.39.5.913","article-title":"The development of phonological awareness in preschool children","volume":"39","author":"Carroll","year":"2003","journal-title":"Dev. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"573580","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2020.573580","article-title":"Prevalence and cognitive profiles of children with comorbid literacy and motor disorders","volume":"11","author":"Downing","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1361","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2011.01.032","article-title":"Structural validity of the Movement ABC-2 test: Factor structure comparisons across three age groups","volume":"32","author":"Schulz","year":"2011","journal-title":"Res. Dev. Disabil."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.5507\/euj.2009.002","article-title":"Motor skills of young adults with Asperger syndrome: A comparative study","volume":"2","author":"Borremans","year":"2009","journal-title":"Eur. J. Adapt. Phys. Act."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"344","DOI":"10.1016\/j.humov.2008.02.007","article-title":"Physical fitness and health indices in children, adolescents and adults with high or low motor competence","volume":"27","author":"Cantell","year":"2008","journal-title":"Hum. Mov. Sci."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1016\/j.humov.2003.09.003","article-title":"Developmental coordination impairments in adulthood","volume":"22","author":"Cousins","year":"2003","journal-title":"Hum. Mov. Sci."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.2466\/10.25.27.PMS.115.4.171-178","article-title":"Interrelations between three fine motor skills in young adults","volume":"115","author":"Sigmundsson","year":"2012","journal-title":"Percept. Mot. Ski."},{"key":"ref_98","unstructured":"Dunn, L.M., Theriault-Whalen, C.M., and Dunn, L.M. (1993). Echelle de Vocabulaire en Image Peabody (Psychan), Psycan."},{"key":"ref_99","unstructured":"Raven, J.C., Court, J.H., and Raven, J. (1995). Raven\u2019s Progressive Matrices and Vocabulary Scales, Springer."},{"key":"ref_100","unstructured":"Lefavrais, P. (1967). Manuel Du Test de l\u2019Alouette, Centre de Psychologie Appliqu\u00e9e. [2nd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"286","DOI":"10.1177\/002221940003300306","article-title":"Reliability and validity of the adult reading history questionnaire","volume":"33","author":"Lefly","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Learn. Disabil."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"532","DOI":"10.1177\/0022219413478662","article-title":"The adult reading history questionnaire (ARHQ) in Icelandic: Psychometric properties and factor structure","volume":"47","author":"Bjornsdottir","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Learn. Disabil."},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.3406\/psy.2001.1341","article-title":"A lexical database for contemporary french: LEXIQUETM","volume":"101","author":"New","year":"2001","journal-title":"L\u2019ann\u00e9e Psychol."},{"key":"ref_104","unstructured":"Leblanc, M. (1913). Les Confidences d\u2019Ars\u00e8ne Lupin, Centre de Psychologie Appliqu\u00e9e."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2759","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awu209","article-title":"Stimulation of the pedunculopontine nucleus area in Parkinson\u2019s disease: Effects on speech and intelligibility","volume":"137","author":"Pinto","year":"2014","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e012885","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2016-012885","article-title":"Dysarthria in individuals with Parkinson\u2019s disease: A protocol for a binational, cross-sectional, case-controlled study in French and European Portuguese (FraLusoPark)","volume":"6","author":"Pinto","year":"2016","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1038\/s41531-019-0092-6","article-title":"Heightened orofacial, manual, and gait variability in Parkinson\u2019s disease results from a general rhythmic impairment","volume":"5","author":"Puyjarinet","year":"2019","journal-title":"NPJ Park. Dis."},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"803","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.28465","article-title":"Guidelines for speech recording and acoustic analyses in dysarthrias of movement disorders","volume":"36","author":"Rusz","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mov. Disord."},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1204","DOI":"10.1111\/1460-6984.12661","article-title":"Acoustic, perceptual and clinical correlates of speech and voice in isolated dystonia: Preliminary findings","volume":"56","author":"Cuartero","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Lang. Commun. Disord."},{"key":"ref_110","unstructured":"(2022, December 16). JASP, Available online: https:\/\/jasp-stats.org\/."},{"key":"ref_111","unstructured":"(2022, December 16). Jamovi, Available online: https:\/\/www.jamovi.org."},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"866543","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2022.866543","article-title":"Text reading fluency and text reading comprehension do not rely on the same abilities in University students with and without dyslexia","volume":"13","author":"Cavalli","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsp.2006.11.008","article-title":"Writing problems in developmental dyslexia: Under-recognized and under-treated","volume":"46","author":"Berninger","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Sch. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1044\/jshr.3302.281","article-title":"The timing of syllable repetitions in developmental dyslexia","volume":"33","author":"Wolff","year":"1990","journal-title":"J. Speech Lang. Hear. Res."},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"489","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-0965(86)90006-8","article-title":"Segmentation and speech perception in relation to reading skill: A developmental analysis","volume":"41","author":"Snowling","year":"1986","journal-title":"J. Exp. Child Psychol."},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"242","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jecp.2004.07.005","article-title":"Testing the concurrent and predictive relations among articulation accuracy, speech perception, and phoneme awareness","volume":"89","author":"Ouellette","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Exp. Child Psychol."},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"874","DOI":"10.1037\/0012-1649.28.5.874","article-title":"Persistence of dyslexics\u2019 phonological awareness deficits","volume":"28","author":"Bruck","year":"1992","journal-title":"Dev. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.1006\/drev.1993.1012","article-title":"Word recognition and component phonological processing skills of adults with childhood diagnosis of dyslexia","volume":"13","author":"Bruck","year":"1993","journal-title":"Dev. Rev."},{"key":"ref_119","first-page":"261","article-title":"Phonological awareness training with articulation promotes early reading development","volume":"137","author":"Svensson","year":"2017","journal-title":"Education"},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"402","DOI":"10.1080\/09602010701529341","article-title":"Combined auditory and articulatory training improves phonological deficit in children with dyslexia","volume":"18","author":"Mercier","year":"2008","journal-title":"Neuropsychol. Rehabil."},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1007\/s11881-021-00225-1","article-title":"The impact of articulatory consciousness training on reading and spelling literacy in students with severe dyslexia: An experimental single case study","volume":"71","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ann. Dyslexia"},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.3389\/fnbeh.2019.00112","article-title":"Development of dyslexia: The delayed neural commitment Framework","volume":"13","author":"Nicolson","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Behav. Neurosci."}],"container-title":["Brain Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-3425\/13\/2\/210\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T18:16:44Z","timestamp":1760120204000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-3425\/13\/2\/210"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,27]]},"references-count":122,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2]]}},"alternative-id":["brainsci13020210"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/brainsci13020210","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-3425"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-3425","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,27]]}}}