{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T02:27:46Z","timestamp":1790735266554,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,31]],"date-time":"2023-01-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1675123200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Alvhilde Eliassens Research Foundation, Norway"},{"name":"EC H2020 \u201cGEMMA\u201d and ERAnet \u201cMIGBAN\u201d projects"},{"name":"the PTM2 program, Inserm, France"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Brain Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>26RFa, also referred to as QRFP, is a hypothalamic neuropeptide mainly known for its role in the regulation of appetite and glucose metabolism. Its possible relevance to emotional regulation is largely unexplored. To address this, in the present exploratory study, we analyzed the plasma concentrations of 26RFa in humans characterized by different levels of anxiety and aggressive behavior. For this purpose, the study included 13 prison inmates who have committed violent crimes and 19 age-matched healthy men from the general population as controls. Anxiety, depression and aggressive behavior were evaluated in both groups using standard questionnaires. The inmate group was characterized by increased aggression and anxiety compared to the controls. We found that the mean plasma levels of 26RFa did not significantly differ between the inmates and the controls. However, several high outliers were present only in the inmate group. The plasma levels of 26RFa correlated positively with the anxiety scores in all the studied subjects and controls. After removing the high outliers in the inmate group, positive correlations of 26RFa with anxiety and a subscale of hostility in the aggression scale were also recorded in this group. No significant correlations of 26RFa with depression scores or other parameters of aggressive behavior were found. Thus, the present results did not support an involvement of 26RFa in aggressive behavior in humans but pointed to a link between this neuropeptide and anxiety. Nevertheless, considering the exploratory nature of the present study, this conclusion should be verified in a larger cohort, including the clinical degree of anxiety.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci13020237","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,31]],"date-time":"2023-01-31T01:35:45Z","timestamp":1675128945000},"page":"237","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Blood Levels of Neuropeptide 26RFa in Relation to Anxiety and Aggressive Behavior in Humans\u2014An Exploratory Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Henning","family":"V\u00e6r\u00f8y","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatric Research, Akershus University Hospital, N-1478 Nordbyhagen, Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Saloua","family":"Takhlidjt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Regulatory Peptides-Energy Metabolism and Motivated Behavior Team, Neuroendocrine, Endocrine and Germinal Differentiation and Communication Laboratory, Inserm UMR1239, University of Rouen Normandie, 76000 Rouen, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yamina","family":"Cherifi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Regulatory Peptides-Energy Metabolism and Motivated Behavior Team, Neuroendocrine, Endocrine and Germinal Differentiation and Communication Laboratory, Inserm UMR1239, University of Rouen Normandie, 76000 Rouen, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5785-5785","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emilie","family":"Lahaye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Regulatory Peptides-Energy Metabolism and Motivated Behavior Team, Neuroendocrine, Endocrine and Germinal Differentiation and Communication Laboratory, Inserm UMR1239, University of Rouen Normandie, 76000 Rouen, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicolas","family":"Chartrel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Regulatory Peptides-Energy Metabolism and Motivated Behavior Team, Neuroendocrine, Endocrine and Germinal Differentiation and Communication Laboratory, Inserm UMR1239, University of Rouen Normandie, 76000 Rouen, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2491-4945","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Serguei O.","family":"Fetissov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Regulatory Peptides-Energy Metabolism and Motivated Behavior Team, Neuroendocrine, Endocrine and Germinal Differentiation and Communication Laboratory, Inserm UMR1239, University of Rouen Normandie, 76000 Rouen, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15247","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2434676100","article-title":"Identification of 26RFa, a hypothalamic neuropeptide of the RFamide peptide family with orexigenic activity","volume":"100","author":"Chartrel","year":"2003","journal-title":"Proc. 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