{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,22]],"date-time":"2026-10-22T14:05:42Z","timestamp":1792677942304,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":98,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,2]],"date-time":"2023-02-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1675296000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Brain Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Anxiety disorders are the most common group of mental disorders, but they are often underrecognized and undertreated in primary care. Dysfunctional breathing is a hallmark of anxiety disorders; however, mainstays of treatments do not tackle breathing in patients suffering anxiety. This scoping review aims to identify the nature and extent of the available research literature on the efficacy of breathwork interventions for adults with clinically diagnosed anxiety disorders using the DSM-5 classification system. Using the PRISMA extension for scoping reviews, a search of PubMed, Embase, and Scopus was conducted using terms related to anxiety disorders and breathwork interventions. Only clinical studies using breathwork (without the combination of other interventions) and performed on adult patients diagnosed with an anxiety disorder using the DSM-5 classification system were included. From 1081 articles identified across three databases, sixteen were included for the review. A range of breathwork interventions yielded significant improvements in anxiety symptoms in patients clinically diagnosed with anxiety disorders. The results around the role of hyperventilation in treatment of anxiety were contradictory in few of the examined studies. This evidence-based review supports the clinical utility of breathwork interventions and discusses effective treatment options and protocols that are feasible and accessible to patients suffering anxiety. Current gaps in knowledge for future research directions have also been identified.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci13020256","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,3]],"date-time":"2023-02-03T02:05:28Z","timestamp":1675389928000},"page":"256","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":59,"title":["Breathwork Interventions for Adults with Clinically Diagnosed Anxiety Disorders: A Scoping Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4314-8369","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Blerida","family":"Banushi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, University of Queensland, Diamantina Institute, Brisbane, QLD 4102, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Madeline","family":"Brendle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacotherapy, University of Utah College of Pharmacy, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA"},{"name":"Numinus Wellness, Draper, UT 84020, USA"},{"name":"Integrated Research Literacy Group, Draper, UT 84020, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5796-3428","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anya","family":"Ragnhildstveit","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Integrated Research Literacy Group, Draper, UT 84020, USA"},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0SZ, UK"},{"name":"Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tara","family":"Murphy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, University of Wisconsin Hospitals & Clinics, Madison, WI 53792, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Claire","family":"Moore","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Numinus Wellness, Draper, UT 84020, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Johannes","family":"Egberts","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Breathless Expeditions, Manly, NSW 2095, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Reid","family":"Robison","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Numinus Wellness, Draper, UT 84020, USA"},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84108, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1204","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30925-9","article-title":"Global burden of 369 diseases and injuries in 204 countries and territories, 1990\u20132019: A systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019","volume":"396","author":"Vos","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1211","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(17)32154-2","article-title":"Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 328 diseases and injuries for 195 countries, 1990\u20132016: A systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016","volume":"390","author":"Vos","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"914","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(21)00359-7","article-title":"Anxiety disorders","volume":"397","author":"Penninx","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.31887\/DCNS.2017.19.2\/dstein","article-title":"Epidemiology of anxiety disorders: From surveys to nosology and back","volume":"19","author":"Stein","year":"2017","journal-title":"Dialog. 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