{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]],"date-time":"2026-09-21T20:19:56Z","timestamp":1790021996632,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":110,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,8]],"date-time":"2023-02-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1675814400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000005","name":"DoD\/USU Brain Tissue Repository and Neuropathology Core","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["308049-4.01-60855"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["308049-4.01-60855"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000005","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000005","name":"DoD\/USU Brain Tissue Repository and Neuropathology Core","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["G192310115"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["G192310115"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000005","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency","award":["308049-4.01-60855"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["308049-4.01-60855"]}]},{"name":"Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency","award":["G192310115"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["G192310115"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Brain Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Explosive blasts are associated with neurological consequences as a result of blast waves impact on the brain. Yet, the neuropathologic and molecular consequences due to blast waves vs. blunt-TBI are not fully understood. An explosive-driven blast-generating system was used to reproduce blast wave exposure and examine pathological and molecular changes generated by primary wave effects of blast exposure. We assessed if pre- and post-synaptic (synaptophysin, PSD-95, spinophilin, GAP-43), neuronal (NF-L), glymphatic (LYVE1, podoplanin), myelin (MBP), neurovascular (AQP4, S100\u03b2, PDGF) and genomic (DNA polymerase-\u03b2, RNA polymerase II) markers could be altered across different brain regions of double blast vs. sham animals. Twelve male rats exposed to two consecutive blasts were compared to 12 control\/sham rats. Western blot, ELISA, and immunofluorescence analyses were performed across the frontal cortex, hippocampus, cerebellum, and brainstem. The results showed altered levels of AQP4, S100\u03b2, DNA-polymerase-\u03b2, PDGF, synaptophysin and PSD-95 in double blast vs. sham animals in most of the examined regions. These data indicate that blast-generated changes are preferentially associated with neurovascular, glymphatic, and DNA repair markers, especially in the brainstem. Moreover, these changes were not accompanied by behavioral changes and corroborate the hypothesis for which an asymptomatic altered status is caused by repeated blast exposures.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci13020286","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,9]],"date-time":"2023-02-09T01:59:43Z","timestamp":1675907983000},"page":"286","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Double Blast Wave Primary Effect on Synaptic, Glymphatic, Myelin, Neuronal and Neurovascular Markers"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5511-0950","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Diego","family":"Iacono","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"DoD\/USU Brain Tissue Repository and Neuropathology Program, Uniformed Services University (USU), Bethesda, MD 20814, USA"},{"name":"Department of Neurology, F. Edward H\u00e9bert School of Medicine, Uniformed Services University (USU), Bethesda, MD 20814, USA"},{"name":"Department of Pathology, F. Edward H\u00e9bert School of Medicine, Uniformed Services University (USU), Bethesda, MD 20814, USA"},{"name":"Neuroscience Graduate Program, Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and Genetics, F. Edward H\u00e9bert School of Medicine, Uniformed Services University (USU), Bethesda, MD 20814, USA"},{"name":"Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Inc., Bethesda, MD 20814, USA"},{"name":"Neurodegenerative Clinics, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS), NIH, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Erin K.","family":"Murphy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"DoD\/USU Brain Tissue Repository and Neuropathology Program, Uniformed Services University (USU), Bethesda, MD 20814, USA"},{"name":"Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Inc., Bethesda, MD 20814, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cheryl D.","family":"Stimpson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"DoD\/USU Brain Tissue Repository and Neuropathology Program, Uniformed Services University (USU), Bethesda, MD 20814, USA"},{"name":"Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Inc., Bethesda, MD 20814, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fabio","family":"Leonessa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, F. Edward H\u00e9bert School of Medicine, Uniformed Services University (USU), Bethesda, MD 20814, USA"},{"name":"Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Inc., Bethesda, MD 20814, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel P.","family":"Perl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"DoD\/USU Brain Tissue Repository and Neuropathology Program, Uniformed Services University (USU), Bethesda, MD 20814, USA"},{"name":"Department of Pathology, F. Edward H\u00e9bert School of Medicine, Uniformed Services University (USU), Bethesda, MD 20814, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa072972","article-title":"Mild traumatic brain injury in U.S. soldiers returning from Iraq","volume":"358","author":"Hoge","year":"2008","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. 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