{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T20:59:00Z","timestamp":1792789140900,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,16]],"date-time":"2023-02-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1676505600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["U20A20192"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U20A20192"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["21372001D"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["21372001D"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Hebei Province Science and Technology Support Plan","award":["U20A20192"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U20A20192"]}]},{"name":"Hebei Province Science and Technology Support Plan","award":["21372001D"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["21372001D"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Brain Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Stroke is one of the primary causes of motor disorders, which can seriously affect the patient\u2019s quality of life. However, the assessment of the upper limb affected by stroke is commonly based on scales, and the characteristics of brain reorganization induced by limb movement are not clear. Thus, this study aimed to investigate stroke-related cortical reorganization based on functional near infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) during upper limb multi-joint linkage movement with reference to the Fugl\u2013Meyer Assessment of the upper extremities (FMA-UE). In total, 15 stroke patients and 15 healthy subjects participated in this study. The functional connectivity (FC) between channels and the regions of interest (ROI) was calculated by Pearson\u2019s correlation coefficient. The results showed that compared with the control group, the FC between the prefrontal cortex and the motor cortex was significantly increased in the resting state and the affected upper limb\u2019s multi-joint linkage movements, while the FC between the motor cortex was significantly decreased during the unaffected upper limb\u2019s multi-joint linkage movements. Moreover, the significantly increased ROI FC in the resting state showed a significantly positive correlation with FMA-UE in stroke patients (p &lt; 0.05). This study highlights a new biomarker for evaluating the function of movement in stroke patients and provides guidance for rehabilitation training.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci13020338","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,16]],"date-time":"2023-02-16T04:01:52Z","timestamp":1676520112000},"page":"338","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Stroke-Related Alterations in the Brain\u2019s Functional Connectivity Response Associated with Upper Limb Multi-Joint Linkage Movement"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Qitong","family":"Chu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Artificial Intelligence and Data Science, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300130, China"},{"name":"Beijing Key Laboratory of Rehabilitation Technical Aids for Old-Age Disability, Key Laboratory of Neuro-functional Information and Rehabilitation Engineering of the Ministry of Civil Affairs, National Research Center for Rehabilitation Technical Aids, Beijing 100176, China"},{"name":"Engineering Research Center of Intelligent Rehabilitation Device and Detection Technology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin 300130, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xin","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Artificial Intelligence and Data Science, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300130, China"},{"name":"Engineering Research Center of Intelligent Rehabilitation Device and Detection Technology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin 300130, China"},{"name":"Qinhuangdao Research Institute of National Research Center for Rehabilitation Technical Aids, Qinhuangdao 066004, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6886-2131","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tengyu","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Beijing Key Laboratory of Rehabilitation Technical Aids for Old-Age Disability, Key Laboratory of Neuro-functional Information and Rehabilitation Engineering of the Ministry of Civil Affairs, National Research Center for Rehabilitation Technical Aids, Beijing 100176, China"},{"name":"Qinhuangdao Research Institute of National Research Center for Rehabilitation Technical Aids, Qinhuangdao 066004, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Congcong","family":"Huo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Beijing Advanced Innovation Centre for Biomedical Engineering, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xuemin","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Beijing Key Laboratory of Rehabilitation Technical Aids for Old-Age Disability, Key Laboratory of Neuro-functional Information and Rehabilitation Engineering of the Ministry of Civil Affairs, National Research Center for Rehabilitation Technical Aids, Beijing 100176, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gongcheng","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Beijing Advanced Innovation Centre for Biomedical Engineering, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhaoxin","family":"Lun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Artificial Intelligence and Data Science, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300130, China"},{"name":"Engineering Research Center of Intelligent Rehabilitation Device and Detection Technology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin 300130, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shengcui","family":"Cheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Intelligent Rehabilitation and Neuromodulation of Hebei Province, School of Electrical Engineering, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao 066004, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ping","family":"Xie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Intelligent Rehabilitation and Neuromodulation of Hebei Province, School of Electrical Engineering, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao 066004, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"806","DOI":"10.1177\/1747493019881353","article-title":"World Stroke Organization (WSO): Global Stroke Fact Sheet 2019","volume":"14","author":"Lindsay","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. 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