{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,10]],"date-time":"2026-06-10T13:39:56Z","timestamp":1781098796849,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,20]],"date-time":"2023-02-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1676851200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["81971696"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["81971696"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2022JJ30861"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022JJ30861"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Natural Science Foundation of Hunan Province","award":["81971696"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["81971696"]}]},{"name":"Natural Science Foundation of Hunan Province","award":["2022JJ30861"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022JJ30861"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Brain Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) antibody-related encephalitis is an autoimmune disease associated with intracellular neuronal antigens. We report on a rare case of GAD antibody-associated encephalitis complicated with focal segmental stiffness-person syndrome (SPS) in a middle-aged woman. The disease course lasted for &gt;10 years, initially presenting with drug-resistant epilepsy, followed by stiffness of the right lower limb, and right upper limb involvement. The patient experienced anxiety and depression symptoms due to long-term illness. During hospitalization, serum and cerebrospinal fluid GAD antibodies were positive and no tumor was found. The symptoms were significantly relieved after corticosteroid therapy and intravenous immunoglobulin immunomodulation therapy. To the best of our knowledge, this case is the first to discuss the early recognition and treatment of chronic epilepsy and focal segmental SPS caused by anti-GAD antibody-related encephalitis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci13020369","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,21]],"date-time":"2023-02-21T02:07:44Z","timestamp":1676945264000},"page":"369","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["A Case of Anti-GAD 65 Autoimmune Encephalitis Associated with Focal Segmental Stiff-Person Syndrome"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Chen","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Central South University, No. 139 Middle Renmin Road, Changsha 410011, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuwei","family":"Dai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Central South University, No. 139 Middle Renmin Road, Changsha 410011, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Binhong","family":"Han","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Central South University, No. 139 Middle Renmin Road, Changsha 410011, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jian","family":"Peng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Central South University, No. 139 Middle Renmin Road, Changsha 410011, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jie","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Central South University, No. 139 Middle Renmin Road, Changsha 410011, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qi","family":"Tang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Central South University, No. 139 Middle Renmin Road, Changsha 410011, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5973-3653","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Li","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Central South University, No. 139 Middle Renmin Road, Changsha 410011, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1016\/0896-6273(91)90077-D","article-title":"Two genes encode distinct glutamate decarboxylases","volume":"7","author":"Erlander","year":"1991","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2009.05.003","article-title":"Structural biology of the GAD autoantigen","volume":"9","author":"Fenalti","year":"2010","journal-title":"Autoimmun. 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