{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T23:36:48Z","timestamp":1777937808231,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,22]],"date-time":"2023-02-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1677024000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["32171063"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["32171063"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2019B030335001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019B030335001"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["201804020085"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["201804020085"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Key-Area Research and Development Program of Guangdong Province","award":["32171063"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["32171063"]}]},{"name":"Key-Area Research and Development Program of Guangdong Province","award":["2019B030335001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019B030335001"]}]},{"name":"Key-Area Research and Development Program of Guangdong Province","award":["201804020085"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["201804020085"]}]},{"name":"Key Project of Science and Technology Program of Guangzhou","award":["32171063"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["32171063"]}]},{"name":"Key Project of Science and Technology Program of Guangzhou","award":["2019B030335001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019B030335001"]}]},{"name":"Key Project of Science and Technology Program of Guangzhou","award":["201804020085"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["201804020085"]}]},{"name":"Opening Project of Key Laboratory of Brain, Cognition and Education Sciences (South China Normal University), Ministry of Education","award":["32171063"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["32171063"]}]},{"name":"Opening Project of Key Laboratory of Brain, Cognition and Education Sciences (South China Normal University), Ministry of Education","award":["2019B030335001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019B030335001"]}]},{"name":"Opening Project of Key Laboratory of Brain, Cognition and Education Sciences (South China Normal University), Ministry of Education","award":["201804020085"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["201804020085"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Brain Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Neural tuning for print refers to differential neural responses (e.g., the N1 component of event-related potentials) to different orthographic forms and other visual stimuli. While impaired neural tuning for print has been well established in dyslexic children who read alphabetic scripts, it remains unclear whether such effects exist in dyslexic children who read Chinese, which dramatically differs in visual and linguistic characteristics from alphabetic words. To fill this gap, we examined two levels of the neural tuning for print: coarse tuning (i.e., false character vs. stroke combination), and fine tuning (i.e., sub-lexical tuning: pseudo character vs. false character; and lexical tuning: real character vs. pseudo character). Using the event-related potential technique, we examined 14 typically developing children and 16 dyslexic children who were screened from 216 nine-year-old children in the third grade. For typically developing children, we observed both coarse and sub-lexical tuning. Critically, for dyslexic children, we found stronger N1 for false character than for stroke combination, suggesting intact coarse tuning, but a reduced N1 difference between false character and pseudo character, suggesting impaired sub-lexical tuning. These results clearly show selective impairments in fine neural tuning at the sub-lexical level in Chinese dyslexic children. Our findings may be associated with unique features of Chinese characters.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci13030379","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,22]],"date-time":"2023-02-22T02:57:38Z","timestamp":1677034658000},"page":"379","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Selective Impairments in Fine Neural Tuning for Print in Chinese Children with Developmental Dyslexia"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Licheng","family":"Xue","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Brain, Cognition and Education Sciences, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou 510599, China"},{"name":"Institute for Brain Research and Rehabilitation, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510599, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jing","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jing Hengyi School of Education, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China"},{"name":"Zhejiang Philosophy and Social Science Laboratory for Research in Early Development and Childcare, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China"},{"name":"Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Research in Assessment of Cognitive Impairments, Hangzhou 311121, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xuchu","family":"Weng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Brain, Cognition and Education Sciences, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou 510599, China"},{"name":"Institute for Brain Research and Rehabilitation, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510599, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1301","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2005.01.043","article-title":"Dyslexia (Specific Reading Disability)","volume":"57","author":"Shaywitz","year":"2005","journal-title":"Biol. 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